Vanoxerine, a promising drug candidate originally developed for the treatment of various medical conditions, has recently garnered attention for potential applications in the realm of addiction treatment. Through its mechanism of action on the brain’s dopamine system, Vanoxerine has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rewarding effects of drug abuse and curbing addictive behaviors. As substance abuse continues to pose a significant societal challenge, Vanoxerine holds promise in addressing this issue and improving the quality of life for individuals struggling with addiction.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a compound initially developed as a medication for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. However, its stimulant effects were not well-tolerated, leading to its withdrawal from pharmaceutical development.
Despite this setback, Vanoxerine found applications in commercial and industrial settings due to its unique properties. It has been studied for its potential use in enhancing the effectiveness of medications for addictive disorders, such as cocaine addiction. Additionally, Vanoxerine’s ability to modulate dopamine levels in the brain makes it a subject of study for improving cognitive function in individuals with neurological disorders.
Although Vanoxerine is not currently used as a medication, its potential in treating addiction disorders has led to ongoing research into its pharmaceutical applications. Studies have explored its use in combination with other medications to help reduce the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Additionally, research is being conducted to determine its efficacy in managing symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, given its dopamine-modulating properties.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
Vanoxerine, also known as vanoxerine hydrochloride, is a white to off-white crystalline powder with no distinct odor. Its appearance is similar to that of other pharmaceutical compounds.
The molar mass of Vanoxerine is approximately 381.91 g/mol, and its density is around 1.04 g/cm3. In comparison, common food items such as sugar and salt have molar masses much lower than Vanoxerine and densities similar to or lower than Vanoxerine.
Vanoxerine has a melting point of around 170-172°C and a boiling point of around 635-644°C. These values are much higher than the melting and boiling points of standard food items like butter or chocolate.
Vanoxerine is moderately soluble in water and has a low viscosity. In contrast, common food items like sugar or salt are highly soluble in water and have varying viscosities.
🏭 Production & Procurement
Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a compound synthesized in the laboratory. The production process involves several steps, including the reaction of various precursor compounds under controlled conditions.
Vanoxerine is typically produced in specialized pharmaceutical facilities equipped with the necessary equipment and expertise. Once synthesized, the compound is purified and tested for purity and potency to ensure it meets regulatory standards.
Vanoxerine can be procured through licensed pharmaceutical suppliers or research chemical vendors. The compound is typically transported in sealed containers to prevent contamination or degradation during transit.
Due to its classification as a controlled substance in some jurisdictions, Vanoxerine may be subject to strict regulations and monitoring during transport. It is essential to adhere to legal requirements and guidelines when procuring and transporting this compound.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for Vanoxerine include potential risks associated with ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. Vanoxerine may cause irritation or sensitization upon contact with the skin or eyes, and inhalation of the substance may lead to respiratory irritation. Ingestion of Vanoxerine can result in gastrointestinal irritation and discomfort.
Hazard statements for Vanoxerine include warnings about its potential to cause skin and eye irritation. Additionally, Vanoxerine may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled, and precautionary measures should be taken to minimize exposure. It is important to avoid skin contact with Vanoxerine and to use appropriate protective equipment when handling the substance.
Precautionary statements for Vanoxerine include recommendations for safe handling and storage of the substance. It is advised to use personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats when working with Vanoxerine. Proper ventilation should be maintained to minimize inhalation exposure, and spillages should be cleaned up promptly to prevent accidental contact.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a piperazine derivative that has shown potential as a treatment for substance use disorders, particularly in the context of cocaine addiction. Research on Vanoxerine has primarily focused on its efficacy as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which may help to reduce the rewarding effects of cocaine and other stimulants.
Future research directions for Vanoxerine could include investigating its effects on other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, to further understand its mechanisms of action. Additionally, studies could explore the potential use of Vanoxerine in combination with other medications or behavioral therapies to enhance treatment outcomes for substance use disorders.
Furthermore, preclinical and clinical trials are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Vanoxerine in diverse populations, including individuals with co-occurring mental health disorders or medical conditions. Long-term studies could also assess the risk of adverse events associated with prolonged use of Vanoxerine, as well as its potential for abuse or addiction.
🧪 Related Compounds
One compound similar to Vanoxerine based on molecular structure is GBR12909. Also known as Nomifensine, this compound is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Like Vanoxerine, GBR12909 exhibits high affinity for the dopamine transporter and has been studied for its potential in treating conditions such as depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Another compound with a similar structure to Vanoxerine is JNJ-7925476. This compound is a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor with potential therapeutic applications in treating substance abuse disorders. JNJ-7925476 has been shown to have high affinity for the dopamine transporter, similar to Vanoxerine, and further research is ongoing to explore its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy.
A third compound worth mentioning is RTI-336. This compound, like Vanoxerine, is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. RTI-336 has shown promise in preclinical studies for its potential in treating stimulant abuse disorders. Its structural similarity to Vanoxerine makes it a compelling candidate for further investigation into its pharmacological profile and therapeutic applications.