Quinolinic acid, a compound found in the human body and some foods, has garnered attention in recent years due to its potential role in neurological disorders. Research suggests that this acid may contribute to the progression of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, as well as mental health conditions like depression and schizophrenia. Understanding the mechanisms by which quinolinic acid operates can therefore have important implications for the development of treatments for these debilitating conditions. As such, the study of quinolinic acid is not only relevant to scientific research, but also holds promise for improving the quality of everyday life for individuals affected by these diseases.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
Quinolinic acid is predominantly utilized in commercial and industrial applications as a building block for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Its ability to serve as a precursor for the production of potent drugs and pesticides makes it a valuable compound in the chemical industry. Additionally, Quinolinic acid is utilized in the manufacturing of certain dyes and herbicides due to its reactivity and versatility.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, Quinolinic acid is primarily recognized for its role in the biosynthesis of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), an essential coenzyme involved in various cellular processes. As a result, Quinolinic acid is of particular interest in the field of pharmacology and medicine, where it is studied for its potential therapeutic applications. Moreover, Quinolinic acid has been investigated for its neuroactive properties and potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, opening doors for research into novel treatments.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
Quinolinic acid is a crystalline solid with a white to light yellow color and a faint odor. Its appearance is reminiscent of powdered sugar or table salt, and its odor is minimal and not easily detectable by the human nose.
The molecular formula of Quinolinic acid is C7H5NO4, and its molar mass is approximately 167.12 g/mol. In terms of density, Quinolinic acid has a density of about 1.484 g/cm³. Compared to common household items, Quinolinic acid has a higher molar mass and density than water (H2O) and vinegar.
The melting point of Quinolinic acid is around 174-175°C, while its boiling point is approximately 440°C. In comparison to common household items, Quinolinic acid has a higher melting point and boiling point than substances like sugar and salt.
Quinolinic acid is moderately soluble in water, with a solubility of about 5-10 g/L at room temperature. It has a relatively low viscosity, similar to that of vinegar or lemon juice. Compared to common household items, Quinolinic acid is more soluble in water than oils and less viscous than honey or molasses.
🏭 Production & Procurement
Quinolinic acid, a compound primarily found in the brain, is produced through the biosynthesis of tryptophan. This process involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert tryptophan into quinolinic acid, which plays a pivotal role in the kynurenine pathway.
Quinolinic acid can be procured through various sources, including chemical synthesis in laboratory settings. The compound is often obtained through the oxidation of quinoline, a process that yields quinolinic acid as a final product. Once synthesized, quinolinic acid can be transported in solid or liquid form for further research applications.
In the realm of research and pharmaceuticals, quinolinic acid is typically procured from specialized suppliers that produce and distribute the compound to academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies. The transportation of quinolinic acid may involve stringent safety protocols to ensure the integrity of the compound during transit, particularly due to its sensitivity to light and temperature.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for Quinolinic acid include its potential to cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system upon contact or inhalation. It is important to handle this chemical with care and use appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and a lab coat, when working with it in a laboratory setting. Additionally, Quinolinic acid should be stored in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials to prevent accidental reactions or spills.
Quinolinic acid is a neurotoxic metabolite that is produced as a byproduct of the kynurenine pathway. It is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist that can induce excitotoxicity in the central nervous system, leading to cell damage and death. Quinolinic acid has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, due to its neurotoxic effects.
Hazard statements for Quinolinic acid include “Causes skin irritation” and “Causes serious eye irritation” based on its potential to irritate the skin and eyes upon contact. It is also classified as harmful if swallowed or inhaled, as it can cause respiratory irritation and damage if inhaled in high concentrations. Additionally, Quinolinic acid may cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Precautionary statements for Quinolinic acid include avoiding breathing in dust, fume, gas, mist, vapors, or aerosols from the chemical to prevent respiratory irritation and damage. It is recommended to wear protective gloves, eye protection, and face protection when handling Quinolinic acid to avoid skin and eye irritation. In case of accidental exposure or ingestion, seek medical advice immediately and provide the safety data sheet or label of Quinolinic acid to healthcare professionals for proper treatment.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for Quinolinic acid is its role in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have suggested that Quinolinic acid, an endogenous excitotoxin, may contribute to the pathogenesis of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease.
Another avenue of research involves exploring the potential therapeutic applications of Quinolinic acid and its derivatives. Investigations into the modulation of Quinolinic acid production or utilization, as well as the development of Quinolinic acid-based compounds as neuroprotective agents, show promise in treating various neurological disorders.
Furthermore, researchers may delve into understanding the intricate biochemical pathways involving Quinolinic acid, such as the kynurenine pathway. By elucidating the interactions between Quinolinic acid and other metabolites in this pathway, new insights may be gained into the mechanisms underlying neurological conditions and potential targets for intervention.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to Quinolinic acid is Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3. Nicotinic acid has a similar molecular structure to Quinolinic acid, with a pyridine ring that is connected to a carboxylic acid group. Like Quinolinic acid, Nicotinic acid is involved in various metabolic processes in the body, such as energy production and DNA repair. However, Nicotinic acid is primarily known for its role as a precursor to NAD+, a coenzyme involved in cellular metabolism.
Another compound similar to Quinolinic acid is Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide or vitamin B3. Nicotinamide shares a similar molecular structure with Quinolinic acid, with a pyridine ring connected to an amide group. Like Quinolinic acid, Nicotinamide is involved in various biological processes, such as DNA repair and cell signaling. Nicotinamide is also a precursor to NAD+, similar to Nicotinic acid, and plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism.
A third compound similar to Quinolinic acid is Kynurenic acid, which is derived from the metabolism of L-tryptophan. Kynurenic acid shares a similar molecular structure with Quinolinic acid, with a quinoline ring connected to a carboxylic acid group. Like Quinolinic acid, Kynurenic acid is involved in neuroprotection and modulating neurotransmission in the brain. However, Kynurenic acid has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential target for the treatment of neurological disorders.
