Phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a chemical compound that has relevance to everyday life due to its presence in various environmental and industrial settings. It is commonly found in fossil fuels, cigarette smoke, and exhaust fumes, as well as in certain types of foods such as grilled meat and fish.
The presence of phenanthrene in these sources has important implications for human health and the environment, as exposure to high levels of this compound has been linked to respiratory problems, skin irritation, and potential carcinogenic effects. Additionally, phenanthrene is also used in the production of certain pharmaceuticals and dyes, further highlighting its significance in industrial processes.
Overall, understanding the properties and potential risks associated with phenanthrene is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals in both their everyday interactions with the environment and in various industrial applications.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
Phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has several commercial and industrial applications. It is commonly used in the production of dyes, particularly in the manufacturing of fluorescent dyes. Phenanthrene is also utilized in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and antioxidants due to its unique chemical properties. Additionally, it is employed as a building block in organic chemistry reactions for creating various organic compounds.
In terms of drug and medication applications, phenanthrene has gained attention for its potential pharmacological properties. Some studies suggest that phenanthrene derivatives could exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, making them potential candidates for drug development. Moreover, phenanthrene compounds have been investigated for their analgesic properties, indicating their potential in pain management medications. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of phenanthrene in the field of medicine.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
Phenanthrene is a colorless crystalline solid with a distinctive aromatic odor. It belongs to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class, and is commonly found in fossil fuels and coal tar.
The molar mass of Phenanthrene is approximately 178.23 g/mol, with a density of 1.255 g/cm3. This puts it in the range of common household items such as sugar (molar mass of 342.30 g/mol, density of 1.59 g/cm3) and salt (molar mass of 58.44 g/mol, density of 2.16 g/cm3).
Phenanthrene has a melting point of 100.8 °C and a boiling point of 340 °C. Compared to common household items, this puts it in a similar range as butter (melting point of 30-35 °C, boiling point of 100 °C) and water (melting point of 0 °C, boiling point of 100 °C).
Phenanthrene is practically insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. It has a low viscosity, making it easily flowable. This differs from common household items like sugar (soluble in water, high viscosity) and vegetable oil (insoluble in water, low viscosity).
🏭 Production & Procurement
Phenanthrene is primarily produced through the distillation of coal tar, a byproduct of the carbonization of coal. This distillation process involves heating the coal tar to separate out the various components, including Phenanthrene.
Once produced, Phenanthrene can be procured through chemical manufacturers or suppliers who specialize in aromatic compounds. It can be transported in liquid or solid form, depending on the specific requirements of the recipient. Shipping methods may include tanker trucks, rail cars, or drums, depending on the quantity and destination of the Phenanthrene.
For large-scale procurement, Phenanthrene can be sourced directly from chemical plants or refineries that produce it as a byproduct of other chemical processes. These suppliers may offer bulk quantities of Phenanthrene for industrial applications, such as in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, or pesticides. Transporting Phenanthrene in large quantities may require specialized equipment and handling procedures to ensure safe delivery.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for Phenanthrene include its potential to cause irritation and sensitization upon contact with skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is also important to note that Phenanthrene is flammable and should be handled with caution to prevent fire hazards. Proper ventilation and personal protective equipment should be worn when working with Phenanthrene to minimize risks of exposure.
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a chemical structure consisting of three benzene rings fused together. It is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Phenanthrene is primarily used in research settings as a starting material for the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Hazard statements for Phenanthrene include its classification as a potential human carcinogen based on animal studies. It may cause genetic defects and has the potential to be harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or in contact with skin. Phenanthrene may also cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Precautionary statements for Phenanthrene recommend wearing appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and eye protection when handling the substance. It should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition. In case of accidental exposure, immediate medical attention is advised, and contaminated clothing should be removed promptly. Additionally, proper disposal methods should be followed to prevent environmental contamination.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction of Phenanthrene lies in its environmental impact, particularly its role in air pollution and its effects on human health. Studies can investigate its sources, distribution, and methods to mitigate its harmful effects.
Another avenue of research could focus on the chemical properties of Phenanthrene and its potential applications in various industries. Understanding its reactivity, stability, and interactions with other substances can lead to the development of new materials, medicines, or environmental remediation techniques.
Further research can explore the biological effects of Phenanthrene on living organisms, including its toxicity, bioaccumulation, and potential mechanisms of action. This can provide insights into its impact on ecosystems and human health, as well as opportunities for developing biomarkers or therapeutic strategies.
🧪 Related Compounds
One compound similar in structure to phenanthrene is anthracene. Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings. Like phenanthrene, anthracene is a white crystalline solid with a distinct odor. It is commonly used in the production of dyes and as a precursor for the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Another compound with a similar structure to phenanthrene is chrysene. Chrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is derived from coal tar. Chrysene is known to be a carcinogen and is considered a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Pyrene is another compound that shares structural similarities with phenanthrene. Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by four fused benzene rings. It is commonly found in coal tar and is used in the production of dyes and pigments. Pyrene is also considered a potential environmental pollutant due to its presence in combustion products such as cigarette smoke and car emissions.
