D-threo-Isocitric acid, also known as D-isocitric acid, is a compound that plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle, which is essential for the production of energy in living organisms. This organic acid is found in fruits like apples and lemons, as well as in the human body where it contributes to various metabolic processes. While the average person may not be familiar with D-threo-Isocitric acid specifically, its significance lies in its fundamental role in the biochemical pathways that sustain life and regulate energy production.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
D-threo-Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate or 2-hydroxytricarballylic acid, has numerous commercial and industrial applications. In the food industry, it is used as a flavoring agent, preservative, and pH regulator. It is also utilized in the production of cosmetics and personal care products due to its antioxidant properties and ability to promote skin health.
In the pharmaceutical industry, D-threo-Isocitric acid has shown potential as a therapeutic agent for various conditions. It has been studied for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential use in treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Additionally, research has shown that D-threo-Isocitric acid may have a role in improving insulin sensitivity and managing metabolic disorders such as diabetes.
In the medical field, D-threo-Isocitric acid has been investigated for its potential benefits in promoting liver health and aiding in detoxification processes. Some studies have suggested that it may help protect the liver from damage caused by toxins and oxidative stress. Furthermore, D-threo-Isocitric acid has been explored for its potential use in managing conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease due to its reported ability to help regulate blood pressure and improve vascular function.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
D-threo-Isocitric acid appears as a white crystalline powder with no distinct odor. It is commonly found in various fruits and vegetables such as apples, cherries, and spinach.
The molar mass of D-threo-Isocitric acid is approximately 192.1 g/mol, with a density of about 1.51 g/cm3. This places it in the range of molar masses and densities of common food items such as sugar (180.16 g/mol, 1.59 g/cm3) and salt (58.44 g/mol, 2.17 g/cm3).
D-threo-Isocitric acid has a melting point of around 169-171°C and a boiling point of approximately 325-330°C. These values are higher compared to common food items like butter (melting point: 32-35°C) and water (boiling point: 100°C).
D-threo-Isocitric acid is highly soluble in water and has a low viscosity. This contrasts with common food items like oil (insoluble in water) and honey (high viscosity), highlighting its unique physical properties in comparison to typical food ingredients.
🏭 Production & Procurement
D-threo-Isocitric acid is produced through microbial fermentation of citrate in the presence of certain bacteria strains. These bacteria possess specific enzymes that are capable of converting citrate to D-threo-Isocitric acid through a series of biochemical reactions.
Once D-threo-Isocitric acid is produced, it can be procured through various methods such as extraction from the fermentation broth or by chemical synthesis. The extracted acid can then be purified through methods such as chromatography to remove impurities and obtain a high-purity product suitable for various applications.
The transportation of D-threo-Isocitric acid typically involves packaging it in suitable containers to prevent contamination or degradation during transit. Depending on the quantity and destination, the acid may be shipped via road, air, or sea freight to reach its final destination for further processing or utilization.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for D-threo-Isocitric acid include proper handling and storage to prevent any accidental exposure. It is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety goggles when working with this compound. In case of inhalation, move to fresh air and seek medical attention if symptoms persist. In case of skin contact, wash with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Avoid ingestion and seek medical help immediately if swallowed.
Hazard statements for D-threo-Isocitric acid include “Causes skin irritation” and “Causes serious eye irritation.” These statements indicate the potential risks associated with exposure to this compound. It is important to take necessary precautions to avoid skin and eye contact when handling D-threo-Isocitric acid. Proper protective equipment should be worn to minimize the risk of irritation.
Precautionary statements for D-threo-Isocitric acid include “Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection” and “IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.” These statements emphasize the importance of using appropriate protective gear and taking immediate action in case of skin contact. It is important to follow safety guidelines and regulations when working with D-threo-Isocitric acid to prevent any potential harm or injury.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Potential research directions for D-threo-Isocitric acid include further investigation into its effects on cellular metabolism and energy production. Studies could examine how this compound interacts with enzymes involved in key metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle. Additionally, research could explore the potential therapeutic applications of D-threo-Isocitric acid in metabolic disorders or diseases characterized by dysregulated energy metabolism.
Another important research direction for D-threo-Isocitric acid is to elucidate its role in oxidative stress and inflammation. Studies could investigate how this compound affects oxidative stress markers and inflammatory pathways in various cell types or animal models. Understanding the mechanisms by which D-threo-Isocitric acid modulates oxidative stress and inflammation could provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies for conditions associated with these processes.
Furthermore, research could focus on exploring the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of D-threo-Isocitric acid. Studies could investigate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of this compound in different biological systems. Additionally, research could explore the potential formulation strategies to enhance the bioavailability of D-threo-Isocitric acid for therapeutic purposes.
🧪 Related Compounds
One comparable compound to D-threo-Isocitric acid is L-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is the enantiomer of D-threo-Isocitric acid, meaning that they have the same molecular formula and structure but differ in their spatial arrangement. L-threo-Isocitric acid also plays a role in the citric acid cycle, serving as an intermediate in the conversion of citrate to isocitrate.
Another related compound is D-erythro-Isocitric acid. Similar to D-threo-Isocitric acid, D-erythro-Isocitric acid is a stereoisomer that differs in the arrangement of functional groups around the chiral carbon atoms. Despite these differences, both compounds participate in the same metabolic pathways and have similar physiological roles within the cell.
One additional compound with structural similarities to D-threo-Isocitric acid is cis-Aconitic acid. While not an isomer of D-threo-Isocitric acid, cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle that shares some functional groups and molecular features with D-threo-Isocitric acid. Both compounds are involved in the production of energy through cellular respiration and play critical roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
