D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate, commonly known as isosorbide dinitrate, is a medication primarily used to prevent chest pain (angina) in individuals with coronary artery disease. It works by dilating blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow and decreasing the workload on the heart. This medication is relevant to everyday life as it plays a crucial role in managing the symptoms of angina, improving quality of life for those affected by this condition. Patients prescribed isosorbide dinitrate should follow their healthcare provider’s instructions carefully to ensure its safe and effective use.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate, commonly known as Isosorbide dinitrate, is a chemical compound with various commercial and industrial applications. It is primarily used as a vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris and heart failure. In addition, it can also be utilized in the production of explosives due to its explosive properties.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Isosorbide dinitrate is widely used in the formulation of medications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. As a nitrate medication, it works by dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow to the heart. This helps to relieve chest pain and reduce the workload on the heart, making it an essential ingredient in many cardiovascular drugs.
Furthermore, Isosorbide dinitrate has applications in the production of industrial explosives, particularly in the manufacturing of dynamite and other explosive materials. Its ability to release nitric oxide in the body makes it suitable for use in explosives due to its explosive potential. This chemical compound plays a crucial role in both the healthcare and industrial sectors, providing benefits in various applications.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate, also known as pentaerythritol tetranitrate, appears as a colorless to pale yellow solid with no distinct odor. It is a highly explosive compound commonly used as an explosive ingredient in military and industrial applications.
The molar mass of pentaerythritol tetranitrate is approximately 316.15 g/mol, with a density of about 1.76 g/cm3. This places it in the same range as common food items such as sugar and salt in terms of molar mass and density.
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate has a melting point of around 145-147°C and a boiling point of approximately 180-200°C. These values are much higher compared to common food items like butter and chocolate, which have much lower melting and boiling points.
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is sparingly soluble in water and exhibits a high viscosity. Its solubility in water is significantly lower than that of common food items such as sugar and salt, while its viscosity is much higher, making it less likely to dissolve easily.
🏭 Production & Procurement
D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate is typically produced through a multi-step chemical synthesis process. The starting materials for this synthesis are D-sorbitol and concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction involves dehydration of the sorbitol molecule to form the dianhydro compound, followed by nitration to introduce the nitrate groups.
Once D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate is produced, it can be procured through specialty chemical suppliers or pharmaceutical companies. The compound is often available in the form of a white crystalline powder. Due to its potential explosive properties, strict regulations may apply to its procurement and transportation.
Transportation of D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate must adhere to safety guidelines set forth by regulatory authorities. Specialized containers and packaging may be required to ensure the stability of the compound during transit. It is important to work with experienced handlers and shippers when procuring and transporting this sensitive material.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate involve handling the compound with extreme care due to its explosive nature. It is important to store D-Glucitol in a cool, dry place away from any sources of heat or flame. Additionally, proper ventilation is necessary when working with this compound to prevent inhalation of potentially harmful vapors.
The hazard statements for D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate include phrases such as “May explode if heated” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” It is important to keep this compound away from open flames and to use appropriate personal protective equipment when handling it. In case of contact with skin or eyes, immediate medical attention is recommended.
Precautionary statements for D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate include instructions such as “Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces” and “Wear protective gloves/eye protection.” It is important to handle this compound in a well-ventilated area and to wash hands thoroughly after working with it. In case of ingestion or inhalation, seek medical advice immediately.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate is to investigate its potential use as a vasodilator in cardiovascular disease therapies. This compound’s ability to relax blood vessels could have implications for treating conditions such as hypertension.
Another research avenue could involve exploring the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate. Understanding how the compound is processed in the body could provide insights into its efficacy and potential side effects.
Furthermore, research could focus on the potential cytotoxic effects of D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate on cancer cells. Studies could investigate its mechanisms of action and explore its potential as a novel anti-cancer agent.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate is D-Mannitol hexanitrate. This compound shares a similar molecular structure with D-Glucitol, containing a sugar alcohol backbone with multiple nitrate groups attached. D-Mannitol hexanitrate is often used as an explosive due to its high energy release upon detonation.
Another compound that bears resemblance to D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate is Xylitol tetranitrate. Like D-Glucitol, Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that can be nitrated to produce a powerful explosive. Xylitol tetranitrate is known for its low sensitivity to shock and friction, making it a desirable choice for military and industrial applications.
One additional compound with a molecular structure akin to D-Glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, 2,5-dinitrate is Sorbitol trinitrate. This compound, like D-Glucitol, features a sugar alcohol core with nitrate groups attached. Sorbitol trinitrate is commonly used as a vasodilator in the medical field to alleviate chest pain associated with angina and to help treat heart failure.