4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as GABA, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including mood, stress, and sleep. It is involved in promoting feelings of calmness and relaxation, and helps in reducing anxiety and improving quality of sleep. Understanding the role of GABA in everyday life can provide important insights into managing stress and maintaining overall well-being.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as GABOB, has various commercial and industrial applications. It is commonly used as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds due to its ability to mimic the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Additionally, GABOB is utilized in the production of specialty chemicals and as a component in veterinary and animal feed additives.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid plays a crucial role in the treatment of neurological disorders. It is often prescribed for conditions such as epilepsy, insomnia, and anxiety due to its ability to interact with GABA receptors in the brain. Furthermore, GABOB is used in medications aimed at improving cognitive function and memory enhancement. Its pharmacological effects on the central nervous system make it a valuable compound in the pharmaceutical industry.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid is a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor. It is a derivative of the amino acid GABA and is commonly used as a research chemical due to its potential pharmacological properties.
With a molar mass of 105.09 g/mol and a density of 1.253 g/cm3, 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid is comparable to common household items such as table salt (molar mass 58.44 g/mol, density 2.16 g/cm3) in terms of molar mass and density.
The melting point of 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid is approximately 200-205°C, while the boiling point is around 349-351°C. These values are significantly higher than those of water (melting point 0°C, boiling point 100°C) and ethanol (melting point -114°C, boiling point 78°C).
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid is highly soluble in water, forming a clear solution. It has a low viscosity, similar to that of vinegar, making it easy to dissolve in aqueous solutions. This solubility and viscosity profile distinguishes it from common household items like sugar, which dissolves slowly in water and has a higher viscosity.
🏭 Production & Procurement
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as GABA or gamma-aminobutyric acid, is primarily produced through chemical synthesis in laboratory settings. This involves a series of reactions starting from readily available starting materials, such as butyric acid, to ultimately yield the desired compound. The process typically requires a combination of organic chemistry techniques and equipment to ensure high purity and yield.
Once produced, 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid can be procured from specialty chemical suppliers or pharmaceutical companies. It is commonly available in either liquid or powdered form, depending on the intended application. The compound is typically packaged and shipped in accordance with relevant safety regulations to ensure safe transportation to the end user.
Transportation of 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid is typically carried out using standard shipping methods, such as ground or air transport. The compound may be classified as a hazardous material due to its potential reactivity or toxicity, so proper labeling and handling procedures must be followed during transport. In some cases, specialized carriers may be required to ensure compliance with regulations and safety standards.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid should be taken seriously due to its potential hazards. Precautions include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, when handling the substance. Proper ventilation should be ensured in the area where the compound is being used to prevent inhalation of fumes or vapors. Additionally, it is important to store 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid in a cool, dry place away from incompatible substances to avoid any potential reactions or accidents.
The pharmacology of 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid involves its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It acts as an inhibitor of the neurotransmitter GABA, which can lead to sedative effects when consumed in high doses. 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid is also known to have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of alcohol addiction and certain neurological disorders. However, its precise mechanism of action and full pharmacological effects are still being studied and understood.
The hazard statements for 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid include warnings about its potential to cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract upon contact or inhalation. The substance may also be harmful if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. In case of accidental exposure, immediate medical attention should be sought, and the affected area should be rinsed thoroughly with water. It is important to handle 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid with caution and adhere to proper safety protocols to prevent any adverse effects.
Precautionary statements for 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid include advice on avoiding prolonged or repeated exposure to the substance to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. It is recommended to wash hands thoroughly after handling the compound and to remove contaminated clothing immediately. In case of spills or leaks, proper cleanup procedures should be followed, and any waste material should be disposed of according to local regulations. It is crucial to have a well-equipped first aid kit on hand when working with 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid and to be aware of the appropriate emergency response procedures in case of an accident.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Research on 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as GABOB, may focus on its potential therapeutic properties in the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy and anxiety. Studies could investigate its interactions with the GABA neurotransmitter system and its effects on neuronal activity.
Furthermore, research could explore the metabolic pathways of GABOB in the human body to better understand its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Investigating the pharmacokinetics of GABOB could provide valuable insights for optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing its therapeutic efficacy.
Another potential research direction for GABOB is to investigate its potential as a neuroprotective agent in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Studies may aim to elucidate its mechanisms of action in protecting neurons from damage and explore its potential to slow down disease progression.
Additionally, research could focus on the development of novel drug delivery systems for GABOB to improve its bioavailability and enhance its therapeutic effects. Formulation studies could investigate different routes of administration, such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal, to maximize the drug’s potential for clinical use.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid based upon molecular structure is 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, also known as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is a non-protein amino acid that serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.
Another compound with a similar molecular structure is 4-Hydroxybutyric acid, which is known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). GHB is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive substance. It has stimulant, sedative, and euphoric effects on the central nervous system. GHB is commonly used as a recreational drug due to its ability to induce relaxation and euphoria.
Furthermore, another compound sharing a resemblance in molecular structure is 4-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits neuronal activity in the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating muscle tone and is essential for motor control. GABA is also involved in the sleep-wake cycle and helps reduce anxiety and stress.
