(2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate, also known as L-cysteine, is a critically important amino acid that plays a crucial role in various biological processes within the human body. It is a key component in the production of proteins, which are essential for growth and repair of tissues, as well as for the functioning of enzymes and hormones. L-cysteine is also a potent antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. In everyday life, L-cysteine is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support overall health and well-being, making it a relevant and integral part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
(2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate, also known as D-cysteine, has various commercial and industrial applications. It is commonly used as a feed additive in the agricultural industry to improve the growth performance of livestock. Additionally, D-cysteine is utilized in the manufacturing of cosmetics and personal care products due to its antioxidant properties.
In the pharmaceutical field, (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate has been studied for its potential health benefits. It is a precursor to glutathione, a powerful antioxidant in the body, and is commonly used in dietary supplements to support overall health and wellness. Furthermore, D-cysteine is being investigated for its potential role in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as liver disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
Overall, (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate plays a crucial role in various industries, from agriculture to cosmetics to pharmaceuticals. Its diverse range of applications underscores its importance in enhancing product quality and promoting human and animal health.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
(2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate is a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor. It appears as a fine powder or solid form and is typically odorless in its pure state.
The molar mass of (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate is approximately 153.21 g/mol, with a density of around 1.245 g/cm³. Compared to common food items such as sugar (molar mass 342.3 g/mol, density 1.59 g/cm³) and salt (molar mass 58.44 g/mol, density 2.16 g/cm³), it has a lower molar mass and density.
(2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate has a melting point of around 134-136°C and a boiling point of approximately 260-280°C. In comparison, common food items like butter (melting point 32-35°C, boiling point 177°C) and olive oil (melting point -6°C, boiling point 300°C) exhibit lower melting and boiling points.
This compound is highly soluble in water and has a low viscosity. In contrast, common food items such as sugar and salt also exhibit high solubility in water, but may have higher viscosities due to their larger molecular sizes.
🏭 Production & Procurement
(2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate, also known as L-cysteine, is commonly produced through chemical synthesis. This process involves the reaction of L-cysteine hydrochloride with sodium hydroxide to form the desired product. This method allows for the large-scale production of L-cysteine to meet industrial demands.
To procure (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate, one can source it from chemical suppliers who specialize in amino acids and biochemicals. The compound is typically available in both solid and liquid forms, depending on the intended application. Due to its stable nature, L-cysteine can be easily transported and stored without the need for special handling or storage conditions.
Once procured, (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate can be transported using standard shipping methods suitable for chemical compounds. This may include proper packaging to prevent leakage or contamination during transit. Depending on the quantity required, L-cysteine can be shipped in bulk or smaller quantities to laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, and other industrial users worldwide for further processing and applications.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate, also known as L-cysteine, must be carefully observed due to its potential hazards. This compound may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact, and inhalation of its dust or vapors can lead to respiratory irritation. Ingestion of L-cysteine may result in gastrointestinal discomfort and nausea. As a source of sulfur, L-cysteine can emit toxic fumes when heated to decomposition, posing further risks if not handled properly.
Hazard statements for (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate indicate that this compound may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. Inhalation of its dust or vapors can lead to respiratory irritation, while ingestion may result in gastrointestinal discomfort and nausea. Additionally, L-cysteine can emit toxic fumes when heated to decomposition, highlighting the importance of proper handling and storage to minimize risks of exposure.
Precautionary statements for (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate emphasize the need for protective measures to ensure safe handling. It is recommended to wear suitable protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection when working with L-cysteine to prevent skin and eye irritation. Adequate ventilation should be maintained to minimize exposure to vapors, and ingestion of the compound should be avoided. In case of accidental exposure, thorough washing and seeking medical attention are advised to address any potential health risks associated with (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Potential research directions for (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate may include investigating its role in cellular metabolism and its potential as a therapeutic agent in treating various diseases. Studies could focus on elucidating its mechanisms of action in biochemical pathways and its interactions with other molecules in the body.
Another direction of research could involve exploring the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate to assess its bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body. This could provide valuable insights into the compound’s safety profile, optimal dosing regimens, and potential drug interactions.
Furthermore, investigating the potential toxicological effects of (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate in preclinical studies could help determine its safety for human consumption. Understanding its potential adverse effects and establishing safe exposure limits are crucial steps in the development of (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate as a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical product.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate is (2S)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate. This compound is an enantiomer of the original compound, with the only difference being the stereochemistry at the second carbon atom. Despite this difference, (2S)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate exhibits similar chemical properties and reactivity to its enantiomer.
Another related compound is 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, also known as cysteine. This compound lacks the positive charge on the amino group compared to (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate. Cysteine plays a crucial role in protein structure as one of the 20 common amino acids found in proteins, contributing to disulfide bond formation and tertiary protein structure stabilization.
A structurally similar compound is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, also known as serine. This compound differs from (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate by having a hydroxyl group instead of a thiol group. Serine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a vital role in various biological processes, such as protein synthesis, metabolism, and cell signaling.
