1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a critical intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is essential for the production of various molecules in living organisms. Isoprenoids are vital for many biological processes, including the synthesis of essential compounds such as vitamins, hormones, and pigments. Therefore, understanding the role of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is crucial for advancements in fields such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and biofuels, impacting everyday life through the development of new medicines, improved crop yields, and sustainable energy sources.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, which are diverse natural compounds found in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Its commercial and industrial applications primarily lie in the production of valuable isoprenoid compounds like carotenoids, dolichols, and quinones, which are used in food coloring, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
In the pharmaceutical industry, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is utilized as a precursor in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds that have therapeutic properties. Isoprenoids derived from DXP have been explored for their potential in developing new drugs for a wide range of medical conditions, including cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. By targeting specific enzymes involved in the DXP pathway, researchers aim to develop novel medications with enhanced therapeutic benefits.
Overall, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate serves as a crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, playing a vital role in various commercial, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications. Its versatility in producing valuable compounds for different sectors highlights its significance in enhancing the production of essential products and potentially groundbreaking medications.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor. This compound is typically found in a powdered form and does not exhibit any noticeable scent.
The molar mass of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is approximately 230.14 g/mol, while its density is around 1.71 g/cm³. Comparatively, these properties differ from common food items, as the molar mass and density of food items vary significantly depending on the type of food in question.
The melting point of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is approximately 130-135°C, while the boiling point ranges between 325-330°C. These values contrast with those of common food items, as the melting and boiling points of food substances vary widely based on their composition and structure.
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is highly soluble in water and exhibits a relatively low viscosity. Comparatively, many food items also display varying degrees of solubility in water and viscosity, with factors such as temperature and processing methods influencing these properties.
🏭 Production & Procurement
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is primarily produced through the non-mevalonate pathway in plants and bacteria. This pathway involves the condensation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate to form 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to form 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. This compound serves as an important precursor for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, essential compounds for the growth and development of various organisms.
To procure 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate for research or industrial purposes, one can consider chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation. Chemical synthesis involves the use of starting materials like glycerol or D-xylulose, which are subjected to various chemical reactions to yield the desired compound. On the other hand, microbial fermentation utilizes genetically modified bacteria such as Escherichia coli or yeast strains to produce 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate through metabolic engineering.
Once produced, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate can be transported in liquid form in specialized containers to maintain its stability. Alternatively, it can be dried and stored as a powder for convenience in handling and usage. Proper labeling and documentation according to regulatory guidelines are essential for the safe transport and storage of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate to ensure its integrity and functionality for subsequent applications.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate include potential hazards such as irritant effects on the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is essential to handle this compound with care and use appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and safety goggles, to prevent accidental exposure. Furthermore, it is crucial to work with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate in a well-ventilated area to minimize the risk of inhalation.
Hazard statements for 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate include “Causes skin irritation,” “Causes serious eye irritation,” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” These hazard statements indicate the potential risks associated with exposure to this compound, emphasizing the importance of taking necessary precautions to avoid contact with the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is crucial to handle 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate with caution and follow appropriate safety measures to prevent harm.
Precautionary statements for 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate include “Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray,” “Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection,” and “IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.” These precautionary statements provide specific guidance on how to safely handle 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, emphasizing the importance of avoiding inhalation, wearing appropriate protective gear, and following proper decontamination procedures in case of skin contact. It is essential to adhere to these precautionary measures to minimize the risk of exposure and potential harm when working with this compound.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Research on 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) is primarily focused on its role as a crucial intermediate in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, such as carotenoids, chlorophylls, and hormones.
One potential research direction is to investigate the regulation of the MEP pathway and the metabolic flux through DXP synthase, the enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into DXP, in various organisms ranging from bacteria to plants.
Additionally, exploring the structural and biochemical properties of DXP synthase could lead to the development of inhibitors that target the enzyme for potential applications in the fields of medicine and agriculture. Such inhibitors could serve as novel antimicrobial agents or herbicides.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate based upon molecular structure is 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP). MEP is involved in the non-mevalonate pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in certain bacteria and plant plastids. It plays a crucial role in the formation of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Another compound with a similar molecular structure to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is 2-C-ethyl-D-ribulose 5-phosphate (ERP). Like 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, ERP is a precursor in the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. It is converted to MEP through a series of enzymatic reactions involving methyltransferases and pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes.
Additionally, 3-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (cMEP) is a compound similar to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate in terms of molecular structure. cMEP is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and is converted to MEP through the action of the enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase. This compound is essential for the production of various isoprenoid compounds in bacteria and plant plastids.
