4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a compound with various practical applications in everyday life. It is commonly used as a preservative in food and cosmetics due to its antimicrobial properties. In addition, it is utilized in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and fragrances. Its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms makes it valuable in extending the shelf life of perishable goods and maintaining product integrity. Consequently, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid plays a significant role in ensuring the safety and quality of consumer products across different industries.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, finds significant commercial and industrial applications due to its properties as a preservative and intermediate in organic synthesis. It is commonly used in the production of parabens, which are widely utilized as preservatives in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Additionally, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of various compounds, such as liquid crystal polymers and UV absorbers, highlighting its importance in industrial processes.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid plays a crucial role as a building block in the synthesis of certain pharmaceuticals. It is commonly used in the preparation of ester derivatives, which exhibit antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making them valuable in the formulation of topical creams and ointments. Furthermore, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is also utilized in the production of salicylic acid, a key ingredient in many over-the-counter medications known for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a white crystalline solid with a faint aromatic odor. This compound is commonly used in the production of various chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its unique properties.
With a molar mass of 138.12 g/mol and a density of 1.353 g/cm^3, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is similar in weight and density to common household items such as table salt. Its molar mass is comparable to that of slightly larger molecules like caffeine.
The melting point of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is 213-216°C, while its boiling point is around 306°C. These values are higher than those of substances like sugar and salt commonly found in households, reflecting its stability at higher temperatures.
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is sparingly soluble in water, with a solubility of approximately 0.3 g/100 mL at room temperature. It exhibits a relatively low viscosity in solution, making it easier to handle compared to more viscous household items like honey.
🏭 Production & Procurement
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, is typically produced through a chemical reaction involving the chlorination of p-hydroxytoluene, followed by hydrolysis under basic conditions. This process yields 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid as the final product, which can then be purified through methods such as recrystallization.
To procure 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, one can source it from various chemical suppliers who produce and distribute industrial quantities of the compound. It is commonly available in solid form, either as a powder or in crystalline form. The compound can be transported in sealed containers to prevent contamination and degradation during shipment.
Transportation of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid typically occurs via ground shipping methods, utilizing appropriate containers to ensure safety and prevent spillage. The compound is classified as a hazardous material and must be handled with care to avoid exposure to skin and inhalation of fumes. Proper labeling and documentation are necessary for compliance with regulatory requirements during transportation.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid include its potential to cause skin irritation and eye irritation if contact occurs. It is important to handle this compound with care and avoid direct contact with the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. In case of accidental exposure, it is recommended to flush the affected area with water and seek medical attention if necessary. Additionally, proper personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and lab coat should be worn when handling 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid to minimize the risk of exposure.
The pharmacology of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid involves its role as a precursor in the biosynthesis of folate, which is essential for DNA synthesis and cell growth. This compound is also known for its antioxidant properties and potential benefits for skin health when used in cosmetic formulations. In pharmacological studies, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid has shown potential as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent, making it a valuable compound in medical and cosmetic research.
Hazard statements for 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid include its classification as a skin and eye irritant. This compound may cause redness, itching, and discomfort upon direct contact with the skin or eyes. In case of ingestion, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid may cause gastrointestinal irritation and nausea. It is important to store this compound in a dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and incompatible materials to prevent hazards such as fire or explosion.
Precautionary statements for 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid include the necessity of wearing appropriate personal protective equipment when handling this compound. It is also important to wash hands thoroughly after handling 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid and avoid inhaling dust or fumes. In case of spills or leaks, it is recommended to contain the area, clean up the spill with absorbent material, and dispose of it according to local regulations. Additionally, it is important to keep this compound out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental ingestion or exposure.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Research on 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, could explore its potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly as a precursor for the synthesis of various drugs. Additionally, studies could investigate its antioxidant properties and potential for use in cosmetic formulations. Further research may also focus on the role of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid in plant metabolism and its potential applications in agriculture.
Investigations into the biodegradability and environmental impact of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid could provide valuable insights into its utilization as a sustainable chemical compound. Research on the synthesis and modification of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives may lead to the development of novel materials with unique properties and applications. Studies on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid could contribute to the development of new drug delivery systems.
Exploration of the interactions of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid with other compounds and biomolecules could elucidate its potential role in biochemistry and molecular biology. Research on the pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid may uncover new avenues for drug discovery and development. Furthermore, studies on the toxicology and safety profile of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid could provide crucial information for regulatory agencies and stakeholders.
🧪 Related Compounds
Benzoic acid, also known as 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, is a similar compound to 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid with a molecular structure that consists of a benzene ring substituted with a carboxylic acid group and a hydroxyl group at the ortho position. Benzoic acid is commonly used as a food preservative and flavoring agent due to its antimicrobial properties. It is also used in the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals.
Salicylic acid, also known as 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, is another compound structurally similar to 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid. Salicylic acid is derived from the metabolism of salicin, a natural product found in willow bark, and is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also used as a keratolytic agent to treat acne, psoriasis, and other skin conditions.
Gallic acid, also known as 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid, is a compound similar to 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid with an additional hydroxyl group at the meta position on the benzene ring. Gallic acid is found in various plants, fruits, and teas, and is known for its antioxidant properties. It is used in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and as a chemical reagent in analytical chemistry.
