4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a vital metabolic pathway that drives energy production in cells. This compound plays a crucial role in the conversion of nutrients into energy, which is essential for the functioning of all living organisms. Without this process, our bodies would not be able to generate the energy needed to perform daily activities. Therefore, 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is directly relevant to our everyday lives as it is fundamental to sustaining cellular energy production and overall bodily functions.
Table of Contents:
Commercial Applications
Chemical & Physical Properties
Production & Procurement
Safety Considerations
Potential Research Directions
Related Compounds
Commercial Applications
1. 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid, also known as HMG, has various commercial and industrial applications. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, particularly in the production of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. Additionally, it serves as a key intermediate in the manufacturing of specialty chemicals and high-performance polymers.
2. In the realm of drug and medication applications, 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid plays a crucial role in the synthesis of coenzyme Q10, a popular dietary supplement known for its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, research has shown promising results in utilizing HMG as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, although further studies are needed to validate its efficacy in this context.
3. The versatility of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid extends beyond its commercial and pharmaceutical applications. It is also utilized in the production of cosmetics, such as anti-aging creams and serums, due to its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, HMG is employed in the food industry as a flavoring agent and preservative, contributing to the overall quality and shelf-life of various food products.
4. With its diverse range of applications, 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid remains a valuable compound in various industries. Its role in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, specialty chemicals, and food products highlights its significance as a key component in the production of diverse consumer goods. As research continues to uncover new potential uses for HMG, its relevance in commercial and industrial sectors is expected to grow exponentially.
Chemical & Physical Properties
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor. It is most commonly found in powdered form.
The molar mass of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is approximately 160.1 g/mol, with a density of 1.34 g/cm³. This places it in the same range as common food items such as salt (58.44 g/mol) and sugar (342.3 g/mol).
The melting point of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is around 230°C, while the boiling point is approximately 568°C. These values are significantly higher than those of common food items like butter (melting point of 32-35°C) and water (boiling point of 100°C).
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is highly soluble in water, forming a clear solution. It has a low viscosity, similar to that of water. This is in stark contrast to common food items like honey, which are much more viscous and less soluble in water.
Production & Procurement
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is typically produced through chemical synthesis in laboratory settings. This process involves the reaction of methyl glyoxal with alpha hydroxyglutarate, resulting in the formation of the desired compound. Careful control of reaction conditions and purification steps are required to obtain high purity yields of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid.
Once produced, 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid can be procured from chemical suppliers specializing in fine chemicals and advanced intermediates. The compound is typically available in crystalline form or as a solution in appropriate solvents. It can be transported in sealed containers to prevent contamination or degradation during shipping.
When procuring 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid, it is vital to ensure appropriate handling and storage conditions are maintained to preserve the compound’s stability. Care should be taken to protect the compound from light, moisture, and extreme temperatures, as these factors can compromise its integrity. Proper labeling and documentation of the compound’s properties and handling requirements are also essential for safe transportation and use.
Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid include the potential for skin and eye irritation upon contact. It is important to handle this chemical with caution, wearing appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety goggles. Additionally, it is recommended to work with 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of fumes.
Hazard statements for 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid include “Causes skin and eye irritation” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” These statements indicate the potential risks associated with exposure to this chemical, highlighting the importance of proper handling and use of protective equipment to prevent adverse effects on the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
Precautionary statements for 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid include “Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray” and “Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.” These statements provide guidance on how to minimize the risks associated with handling this chemical, emphasizing the importance of avoiding inhalation and ensuring the use of appropriate protective gear to protect against potential skin and eye irritation.
Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is its role in various metabolic pathways. By investigating how this molecule is involved in processes such as the citric acid cycle or amino acid metabolism, researchers can gain a better understanding of its physiological significance.
Another area of interest for studying 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is its potential as a biomarker for certain diseases or conditions. By examining its levels in biological samples from patients with specific health concerns, scientists can explore its diagnostic or prognostic value.
Additionally, researchers may explore the bioavailability and metabolism of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid in the human body. Understanding how this compound is absorbed, distributed, and excreted can provide insight into its potential therapeutic applications or dietary implications.
Furthermore, investigations into the interactions of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid with other molecules or enzymes could reveal novel metabolic pathways or regulatory mechanisms. By exploring its molecular interactions, researchers can uncover new insights into its biological functions and potential pharmaceutical targets.
Related Compounds
One similar compound to 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid is 4-Methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid. This compound is structurally analogous to 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid, with the exception of lacking a hydroxyl group at the fourth carbon atom. This minor variation in structure results in a differing chemical and biological reactivity compared to 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid.
Another comparable compound is 2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid. This compound lacks both the hydroxyl and methyl groups present in 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid. Despite these differences, 2-Oxoglutaric acid shares the same basic structure and is involved in similar metabolic pathways as 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid.
A further related compound is Succinic acid, which is a dicarboxylic acid with a four-carbon chain. While structurally distinct from 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid, Succinic acid plays a key role in the citric acid cycle and shares metabolic connections with 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid. This compound serves as a point of convergence for various metabolic pathways, linking it to the broader biochemical context of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid.
