4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, also known as hydroxyglutaric acid, plays a significant role in various metabolic pathways in the human body. This organic compound is involved in the citric acid cycle, a key process that generates energy for cellular functions. Additionally, it serves as a precursor to the synthesis of important molecules like amino acids and neurotransmitters. Therefore, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is essential for the overall health and proper functioning of the human body. Its relevance to everyday life lies in its crucial role in maintaining energy levels and supporting the production of essential biomolecules necessary for bodily processes.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, also known as 4-Hydroxy-2-oxo-glutaric acid or HOGA, is commonly used in the commercial and industrial sectors. It serves as a key component in the production of various pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and fine chemicals. The compound is particularly valued for its role in the synthesis of several important substances, contributing significantly to the advancement of medical and chemical industries.
In terms of its drug and medication applications, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid has been found to possess antioxidant properties that make it a valuable component in certain pharmaceutical formulations. Research has shown that this compound can help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, making it a promising candidate for the development of antioxidant-based drugs. Its potential therapeutic benefits have garnered interest in the medical field for various applications.
Furthermore, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid has been studied for its potential role in combating various diseases and conditions. Its antioxidant properties have been explored in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndromes. The compound’s ability to protect cells from damage and promote overall health has led to ongoing research efforts to elucidate its full therapeutic potential in treating a range of health conditions.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor. It is a weak acid and is often used in biochemical research as a substrate for enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism.
The molar mass of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is 146.1 g/mol, and its density is approximately 1.40 g/cm3. Compared to common household items, it has a similar molar mass to table salt (58.4 g/mol) but a higher density than water (1 g/cm3).
The melting point of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is around 150-152°C, and its boiling point is approximately 314°C. In comparison to common household items, it has a higher melting point than butter (around 32°C) and a much higher boiling point than water (100°C).
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is soluble in water, forming a clear solution. It has a low viscosity, similar to that of vinegar or lemon juice. In contrast, common household items like sugar or salt are also soluble in water but may have a higher viscosity.
🏭 Production & Procurement
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, also known as hydroxykynurenine, is a chemical compound that can be produced via the enzymatic conversion of L-serine by the enzyme L-serine dehydratase. This process involves the elimination of water from L-serine to form hydroxypyruvic acid, which is further oxidized to form 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid.
The procurement of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid involves the extraction of the compound from biological sources such as plants or microorganisms. Once extracted, the compound can be purified using various techniques such as chromatography or crystallization. After purification, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid can be transported in its solid or liquid form to different facilities for further research or commercial use.
In addition to extraction from biological sources, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid can also be synthesized chemically in a laboratory setting. This process involves the reaction of 2-oxoglutaric acid with hydroxylamine in the presence of a suitable catalyst to form 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid. The synthesized compound can then be purified and transported in a similar manner as the naturally extracted form.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for handling 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid include the necessity of wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, lab coats, and safety goggles, when working with the chemical. Additionally, the compound should be used in a well-ventilated area to prevent inhalation of vapors and minimize exposure. It is important to avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing, as 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid may cause irritation upon contact.
The pharmacology of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid involves its role as an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP. This compound is crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as it participates in the production of key molecules such as succinyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Additionally, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid plays a role in regulating cellular metabolism and maintaining homeostasis within the body.
According to hazard statements, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid may cause skin irritation and serious eye damage upon contact. It is also harmful if swallowed or inhaled, potentially leading to respiratory irritation or other adverse effects. The compound is classified as a hazardous substance and should be handled with care to avoid any potential health risks or environmental hazards.
Precautionary statements for 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid include avoiding skin contact by wearing protective gloves and clothing, as well as using a fume hood or working in a well-ventilated area to prevent inhalation of vapors. In case of eye contact, it is recommended to rinse the affected area with water for several minutes and seek medical attention if irritation persists. Additionally, the chemical should be stored in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials to minimize the risk of accidents or chemical reactions.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid could involve its role as an intermediate in the TCA cycle and its potential implications for cellular energy production. Understanding the regulation of this metabolite and its impact on metabolic pathways could provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders.
Additionally, researchers could investigate the potential role of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid in nitrogen metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis. Elucidating its involvement in these processes could have implications for understanding nitrogen utilization in plants or for developing novel strategies for nitrogen fertilization in agriculture.
Moreover, the potential antioxidant properties of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid could be a promising area of research. Exploring its ability to scavenge free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage could have implications for developing new antioxidant therapies or understanding the role of oxidative stress in various diseases.
Furthermore, researchers could investigate the potential interactions of 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid with other metabolites or proteins in cellular signaling pathways. Understanding how this metabolite may modulate signal transduction pathways could provide insights into its role in regulating cellular processes and its potential implications for disease states.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is 4-Hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid. This compound has a molecular structure that is closely related to 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, with the main difference being the length of the carbon chain. The presence of a hydroxy group and a ketone group in the compound allows for similar chemical reactions and interactions.
Another compound with a molecular structure similar to 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid is 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoisocaproic acid. This compound also contains a hydroxyl group and a ketone group, similar to 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, but with a different carbon chain structure. The presence of these functional groups allows for similar chemical behaviors and potential biological activities within the body.
Additionally, 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoheptanoic acid is another compound that shares a molecular structure with 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid. This compound contains a hydroxyl group and a ketone group, similar to 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, but with a longer carbon chain. The structural similarities between these compounds may lead to similar chemical reactivity and potential biological effects in various biological systems.