3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as homovanillic acid, holds significance in everyday life due to its role in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This compound serves as a key marker in the diagnosis and monitoring of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Additionally, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid can provide valuable insights into the effects of certain medications and therapies on brain function. Overall, its presence in the body offers valuable information for healthcare professionals seeking to understand and treat conditions affecting the central nervous system.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as dopamine, has various commercial and industrial applications. It is often used as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals, and pigments. Additionally, it is utilized in the production of adhesives, coatings, and plastics due to its adhesive and antioxidant properties.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid plays a crucial role. It is a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate movement, emotion, and cognition. Dopamine is commonly used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, research is ongoing to explore its potential therapeutic benefits in other neurological disorders.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid appears as a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor.
With a molar mass of approximately 182.14 g/mol and a density of around 1.53 g/cm3, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is lighter and less dense than common household items such as water and table salt.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has a melting point of approximately 192-196 °C and a boiling point of around 432 °C. These values are significantly higher than those of common household items such as butter and sugar.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is soluble in water and has a relatively low viscosity. Its solubility in water and viscosity are comparable to common household items such as sugar and vinegar.
🏭 Production & Procurement
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, commonly known as Dopac, is primarily produced through the enzymatic conversion of dopamine by the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. This conversion involves the addition of a hydroxyl group to the 3 and 4 positions on the phenyl ring of dopamine. The resulting product, Dopac, possesses two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms.
In order to procure 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid for research or other purposes, it can be synthesized in a laboratory setting using the appropriate enzymes and precursors. Alternatively, it can be obtained commercially from specialized chemical suppliers. Once procured, the compound can be transported in a variety of standard chemical containers, such as vials or bottles, and shipped using standard shipping practices for chemical compounds.
When transporting 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, it is important to ensure that the compound is properly labeled with appropriate hazard warnings and storage instructions. Additionally, the compound should be stored and transported in a manner that prevents exposure to light, heat, moisture, and other potentially degrading conditions. Proper protocols for handling and disposal of the compound should also be followed to ensure safety and environmental protection.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid include proper handling, storage, and disposal methods to prevent potential hazards. It is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles, when working with the compound. In case of skin contact, wash the affected area with soap and water immediately. Avoid inhaling the substance and work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure.
The pharmacology of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid involves its role as a metabolite of dopamine in the brain. It is formed by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and plays a crucial role in the regulation of dopamine levels. It is also believed to have antioxidant properties and may contribute to neuroprotection against oxidative stress.
Hazard statements for 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid may include “Causes skin irritation” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” It is important to handle the compound with care and avoid direct contact with skin and eyes. In case of accidental exposure, seek medical attention immediately and provide the Safety Data Sheet for proper treatment.
Precautionary statements for 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid may include “Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection” and “Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.” It is recommended to store the compound in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials. Follow proper disposal guidelines and do not release it into the environment.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Research on 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as dopac, could focus on its role as a metabolite in the dopamine pathway and its potential implications in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s.
Further investigation could center on studying the impact of dopac on synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission, shedding light on its potential role in neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions.
Exploring the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid could provide insights into its therapeutic potential and inform the development of novel treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
🧪 Related Compounds
One compound that is structurally similar to 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid. This compound also contains a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group, but with a carboxylic acid group attached to the aromatic ring. This slight structural variation can lead to differences in biological activity and chemical reactivity compared to 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.
Another compound with a similar structure to 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is Tyrosine. Tyrosine is an amino acid that contains a phenyl group with two hydroxyl groups attached to the aromatic ring, similar to the structure of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. However, instead of a carboxylic acid group, Tyrosine has an amino acid group attached at the para position.
Additionally, another compound that shares structural similarities with 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). DOPA is an amino acid precursor to dopamine and contains a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group, similar to 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The main difference between these two compounds is the presence of an additional carboxylic acid group in 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.