3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol, commonly known as PCB 47, is a chemical compound that has been used in various industrial applications, such as in the manufacturing of electrical transformers and capacitors. Despite its restricted use due to its toxic properties, PCB 47 can still be found in the environment, particularly in water sources and in the fatty tissues of animals.
Exposure to PCB 47 has been linked to a range of health issues, including developmental delays in children, immune system disruptions, and an increased risk of certain types of cancers. Therefore, understanding the presence and potential impact of PCB 47 in everyday life is crucial for public health and environmental protection efforts. By being aware of the risks associated with this chemical compound, individuals can make informed choices to minimize their exposure and protect themselves and their families from its harmful effects.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
One commercial and industrial application of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol, also known as PCB-61, is its use as a flame retardant in various products such as plastics, rubber, and textiles. Its ability to reduce the flammability of materials makes it valuable for ensuring fire safety in a range of consumer goods.
Another significant commercial application of PCB-61 is its use in the production of electrical transformers and capacitors. Due to its insulating properties, this compound is utilized to prevent electrical fires and to maintain the efficiency of electronic devices. Its stability and resistance to high temperatures make it suitable for use in these critical applications.
When it comes to drug and medication applications, 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol is not commonly utilized for pharmaceutical purposes. Its primary role lies in its industrial applications where it serves as a valuable ingredient in flame retardants and electrical components. The compound’s properties make it more beneficial for these commercial uses rather than medicinal uses.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol is a white, crystalline solid with no distinctive odor.
The molar mass of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol is approximately 356.0 g/mol, and its density is around 1.7 g/cm3. Compared to common food items, such as sugar (molar mass of 342.3 g/mol, density of 1.59 g/cm3) and salt (molar mass of 58.44 g/mol, density of 2.16 g/cm3), this compound has a higher molar mass but lower density.
The melting point of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol is approximately 229-233°C, and its boiling point is around 492-494°C. In comparison, common food items like butter (melting point of 32-35°C, boiling point of 150-200°C) and chocolate (melting point of 30-32°C, boiling point of 130-160°C) have much lower melting and boiling points.
3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol is insoluble in water and has a high viscosity. In contrast, common food items like sugar and salt are highly soluble in water, while having lower viscosities.
🏭 Production & Procurement
Producing 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol involves a multi-step synthesis process. The starting materials are typically 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl and 4,4′-dichlorophenyl ether. These compounds undergo a series of chlorination reactions to form the final product.
To procure 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol, one must first identify suppliers that offer the compound in the desired purity and quantity. Orders can be placed directly with chemical manufacturers, distributors, or specialty suppliers. The compound can be transported in sealed containers to prevent exposure to moisture and other contaminants.
When transporting 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol, care must be taken to comply with all regulations governing the transportation of hazardous chemicals. Proper labeling, packaging, and documentation are essential to ensure safe handling and delivery. It is advisable to work with experienced carriers who have expertise in transporting chemical substances.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol must be carefully followed due to its hazardous nature. This compound may cause skin irritation upon contact, so it is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves and goggles when handling it. Additionally, inhalation of vapors or dust from this substance should be avoided as it may cause respiratory irritation. Proper ventilation should be used when working with 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol to minimize the risk of exposure.
The hazard statements for 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol include “Causes skin irritation” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” These statements indicate the potential health risks associated with this compound and emphasize the importance of taking proper safety precautions when handling it. It is essential to minimize skin contact and ensure adequate ventilation to prevent adverse effects on health.
Precautionary statements for 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol include “Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray” and “Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.” These statements highlight the need for precautions to be taken to protect against inhalation and skin contact with the compound. Proper personal protective equipment should be worn at all times when working with 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol to minimize the risk of adverse health effects.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol could involve exploring its potential environmental impacts and toxicity profiles. Studies could investigate its persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation in organisms, and potential effects on ecological systems.
Another avenue of research could focus on the development of analytical methods for detecting and quantifying levels of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol in various environmental matrices. Improving the sensitivity and accuracy of analytical techniques could facilitate better monitoring of this compound in environmental samples.
Furthermore, studies could investigate the potential human health effects of exposure to 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol. This could include exploring its potential carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and other adverse health outcomes in exposed populations. Understanding the risks associated with this compound is crucial for informing regulatory decisions and protecting public health.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol is 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachloro-3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl. This compound features a similar structure with multiple chlorines attached to a biphenyl ring, as well as hydroxyl groups positioned at the 4,4′ positions. The presence of additional chlorine atoms and methyl groups adds complexity to the molecule, resulting in altered properties compared to the original compound.
Another compound with a comparable structure is 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachloro-2,2′-dimethyl-6,6′-dihydroxybiphenyl. This compound shares the basic biphenyldiol framework with multiple chlorines and hydroxyl groups. However, the specific positioning of the chlorines and methyl groups creates a distinct molecular arrangement that may lead to variations in physical and chemical properties compared to 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-4,4′-biphenyldiol.
