3-Oxoadipic acid is a key metabolite in the metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of lysine and hydroxylysine, both essential amino acids. This organic compound plays a crucial role in energy production and is integral to various biological processes in the human body. Its relevance in everyday life lies in its involvement in maintaining normal bodily functions, particularly in the synthesis and degradation of essential nutrients. A better understanding of 3-Oxoadipic acid can potentially lead to advancements in healthcare, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
3-Oxoadipic acid, also known as 2-ketoadipic acid, is primarily used in the commercial and industrial sectors for the production of various polymers and plastics. It is a vital component in the synthesis of nylon 66, a robust and durable polymer widely used in the textile industry for the manufacturing of clothing, carpets, and various other products. Additionally, 3-oxoadipic acid is utilized in the production of coatings, adhesives, and high-performance engineering plastics, making it an essential chemical in the industrial sector.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, 3-oxoadipic acid plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of lysine, an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis and overall cellular function. Lysine is a key component in the production of collagen, enzymes, and antibodies, making 3-oxoadipic acid indirectly necessary for maintaining healthy bodily functions. Furthermore, research has shown potential therapeutic properties of 3-oxoadipic acid in the treatment of certain metabolic disorders and neurological diseases, highlighting its significance in the field of medicine.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
3-Oxoadipic acid, also known as α-Ketoadipic acid, is a white crystalline solid with a faint odor. It is commonly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds and as a precursor in the production of polymers.
The molar mass of 3-Oxoadipic acid is approximately 160.13 g/mol, with a density of 1.408 g/cm³. This places it in the range of common household items like table salt (molar mass: 58.44 g/mol, density: 2.16 g/cm³) and sugar (molar mass: 342.30 g/mol, density: 1.59 g/cm³) in terms of molar mass and density.
3-Oxoadipic acid has a melting point of 156-158°C and a boiling point of 367-369°C. These values are higher than those of common household items like water (melting point: 0°C, boiling point: 100°C) and ethanol (melting point: -114.1°C, boiling point: 78.37°C).
3-Oxoadipic acid is sparingly soluble in water and exhibits a low viscosity. This sets it apart from common household items like table salt (soluble) and honey (high viscosity) in terms of solubility and viscosity.
🏭 Production & Procurement
3-Oxoadipic acid is typically produced through the oxidation of cis-3-hydroxy-l-methylglutaryl-CoA, a precursor derived from the mevalonate pathway in microorganisms. This oxidation process involves the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, which catalyzes the cleavage of this precursor to yield 3-Oxoadipic acid.
The procurement of 3-Oxoadipic acid can be achieved through chemical synthesis methods in a laboratory setting. Starting materials such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA or other precursor compounds can be used to synthesize the desired product. Following synthesis, the compound can then be purified and isolated for use in various research or industrial applications.
Once obtained, 3-Oxoadipic acid can be transported in its solid or dissolved form to various destinations for further experimentation or commercial use. Proper packaging and labeling are essential to ensure the safe and secure transport of this compound, in compliance with relevant regulations and guidelines. Transporting 3-Oxoadipic acid may involve coordination with specialized carriers experienced in handling hazardous or sensitive chemicals.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 3-Oxoadipic acid include proper handling and storage to prevent accidental exposure. It is recommended to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles, when working with this chemical. In case of skin or eye contact, rinse thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if necessary. It is important to keep this compound away from heat sources and incompatible materials to avoid potential hazards.
The pharmacology of 3-Oxoadipic acid involves its role as an intermediate in the biochemical pathway of lysine metabolism. This compound is a key player in the degradation of lysine, a process that provides energy and essential intermediates for other metabolic pathways. 3-Oxoadipic acid is involved in the formation of glutaryl-CoA, which is then converted into acetyl-CoA through subsequent enzymatic reactions in the citric acid cycle.
Hazard statements for 3-Oxoadipic acid include its classification as a corrosive substance that can cause severe skin and eye irritation. This compound may also be harmful if swallowed or inhaled, leading to respiratory tract irritation and potential systemic toxicity. Prolonged or repeated exposure to 3-Oxoadipic acid may result in dermatitis or other adverse health effects, highlighting the importance of proper handling and risk management strategies.
Precautionary statements for 3-Oxoadipic acid emphasize the need for adequate ventilation in the storage and handling areas to prevent exposure to harmful vapors. It is recommended to use appropriate containment measures, such as spill kits and secondary containment, to minimize the risk of accidental release. In case of a spill, it is important to follow established procedures for cleanup and disposal to prevent environmental contamination and ensure the safety of personnel. Personal protective equipment should be worn at all times when working with 3-Oxoadipic acid to reduce the risk of exposure and potential health hazards.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 3-Oxoadipic acid is its role as an intermediate in the catabolism of lysine and tryptophan. Further investigation into the biochemical pathways involving this compound could shed light on its metabolic significance and potential regulatory mechanisms.
Another avenue of research could focus on the potential therapeutic applications of 3-Oxoadipic acid. Studies have suggested that this compound may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a candidate for the development of novel pharmacological agents for various medical conditions.
Additionally, exploring the biosynthesis of 3-Oxoadipic acid in microorganisms could lead to the development of biotechnological applications. Understanding the genetic and enzymatic pathways involved in the production of this compound could pave the way for the engineering of microbial strains with enhanced productivity of 3-Oxoadipic acid for industrial purposes.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 3-Oxoadipic acid based on molecular structure is 2-Oxoadipic acid. This compound contains a ketone functional group on the second carbon of the aliphatic chain, similar to the placement of the ketone group in 3-Oxoadipic acid. The presence of the ketone group contributes to the acidic nature of both compounds, making them suitable for certain chemical reactions.
Another similar compound to 3-Oxoadipic acid is Succinic acid. Succinic acid also contains a ketone functional group on the C3 position of the aliphatic chain, similar to the positioning of the ketone group in 3-Oxoadipic acid. The similarity in structure between these two compounds allows for similar chemical reactivity, particularly in terms of acidity and reactivity with other molecules.
Additionally, Glutaric acid is another compound similar to 3-Oxoadipic acid based on molecular structure. Glutaric acid contains a ketone functional group on the C4 position of the aliphatic chain, which is akin to the positioning of the ketone group in 3-Oxoadipic acid. This structural similarity allows for comparable chemical properties between the two compounds, particularly in terms of acidity and reactivity in chemical reactions.