(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle and is essential for the metabolism of amino acids and the production of energy in cells. It is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, which is responsible for converting nutrients into ATP, the energy currency of cells. Additionally, alpha-ketoglutaric acid is believed to have potential benefits for athletes, as it may aid in muscle recovery and reduce exercise-induced fatigue. Its importance in cellular metabolism underscores its relevance to everyday life, as it is necessary for basic cellular functions and energy production in the human body.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, has several commercial and industrial applications. It is commonly used as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and flavor compounds. Additionally, it is employed in the production of high-quality amino acids and as a precursor in the synthesis of bio-based polymers. Its chemical versatility makes it a valuable compound in the chemical industry.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid plays a significant role. It serves as a starting material for the synthesis of L-leucine, an essential branched-chain amino acid with important functions in protein synthesis and metabolism. In pharmaceutical formulations, it can be utilized as an intermediate in the production of various drugs such as antidiabetic agents, antihypertensive medications, and other therapeutic compounds. The pharmaceutical industry relies on the chemical properties of this compound for the development of innovative drugs.
Overall, the commercial and industrial applications of (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid are diverse and far-reaching. Its significance extends beyond chemical synthesis and finds utility in various sectors including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer production. As a versatile compound with valuable chemical properties, it continues to play a crucial role in the advancement of science and technology in these industries.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid appears as a white crystalline powder with no distinct odor. It is a solid at room temperature and is typically stored in a dry and cool environment to maintain its stability.
The molar mass of (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid is approximately 132.12 g/mol, and its density is around 1.136 g/cm³. In comparison to common food items, such as sugar and salt, (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid has a lower molar mass but a slightly higher density.
The melting point of (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid is around 212-214°C, and its boiling point is approximately 409-411°C. These values are higher than those of common food items like butter and olive oil, which have lower melting and boiling points.
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid is soluble in water, and it has a low viscosity. In comparison to common food items like flour and cornstarch, (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid has higher solubility in water and a lower viscosity.
🏭 Production & Procurement
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, is a compound commonly produced through microbial fermentation processes. This acid can be synthesized by certain bacteria such as Lactobacillus species or yeast strains through the conversion of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid.
The procurement of (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid typically involves obtaining it from specialized chemical suppliers or manufacturers. Due to its specific nature and use in various industries, it is generally not readily available as a common reagent or chemical. Once acquired, the acid can be transported in standard laboratory containers under controlled temperature conditions to ensure its stability and integrity.
In industrial settings, (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid may be obtained through large-scale fermentation processes using specialized equipment and techniques. This allows for the efficient production of the acid in bulk quantities for use in various applications, such as in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Additionally, the acid can be purified and refined to meet specific purity standards before being distributed and transported to end-users.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid should be taken into account, as with any chemical compound. This particular compound may cause skin irritation and serious eye damage. It is important to handle this substance with care, using appropriate protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and lab coat. In case of accidental exposure, rinse affected areas thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if necessary.
Hazard statements for (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid include its potential to cause skin irritation and serious eye damage. It is also classified as harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It is important to store this compound in a well-ventilated area and keep it out of reach of children and pets. When handling this compound, it is essential to follow proper safety protocols to minimize the risk of exposure and potential harm.
Precautionary statements for (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid include wearing protective gloves, clothing, eye protection, and face protection. It is important to avoid breathing in vapors, mist, or gas when working with this compound. In case of skin contact, promptly wash with soap and water. In case of eye contact, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes while removing contact lenses, if present, and continue rinsing. It is advisable to seek medical attention if irritation persists. Proper storage and handling procedures should be followed to ensure safety when working with (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid, a compound commonly known as alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, exhibits potential for research in various biochemical pathways. Researchers may explore its role as an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, such as valine, and its implications for metabolic disorders related to amino acid metabolism.
Furthermore, the investigation into the enzymatic reactions involved in the conversion of (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid to other metabolites could shed light on the regulation of branched-chain amino acid catabolism. Understanding the mechanisms and enzymes involved in these pathways may provide insights into the pathophysiology of diseases associated with aberrant amino acid metabolism.
Additionally, research on the potential physiological and pathological roles of (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid in cellular signaling pathways and gene expression regulation may uncover its significance in various biological processes. Exploring the interactions of this compound with signaling molecules and transcription factors could reveal novel therapeutic targets for diseases linked to altered amino acid metabolism.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid is (2S)-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid. This compound has the same basic structure as the original compound, with a hydroxy group attached to the second carbon, a methyl group attached to the third carbon, and a ketone group attached to the fourth carbon.
Another similar compound is (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-ethyl-3-oxobutanoic acid. This compound differs from the original by having an ethyl group attached to the third carbon instead of a methyl group. The presence of the hydroxy and ketone groups, as well as the stereochemistry at the second carbon, remains consistent with the original compound.
(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-propyl-3-oxobutanoic acid is yet another similar compound to (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid. In this compound, a propyl group is attached to the third carbon in place of the methyl group. The overall structure and functional groups present in the compound mirror those of the original compound, making it a close analog.
