(2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, plays a crucial role in the human body as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which is essential for energy production. This molecule is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the brain, making it a vital component for normal physiological functioning. Given its importance in various metabolic pathways, (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is relevant to everyday life as it impacts our overall health and well-being.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
(2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutamic acid, is used in various commercial and industrial applications. Due to its chemical properties, it is commonly used as a key intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. It is also utilized in the food industry as a flavor enhancer and nutritional supplement.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid plays a crucial role in the production of drugs such as gabapentin, which is used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Additionally, its ability to enhance the bioavailability of certain drugs makes it a valuable component in drug formulations. Its role as a neurotransmitter precursor also makes it essential in the field of medicine for addressing neurological disorders.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
(2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid appears as a white crystalline solid with no specific odor, making it relatively odorless compared to other compounds.
The molar mass of (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is approximately 133.1 g/mol, and its density is around 1.29 g/cm³. This places it in the range of typical food items in terms of molar mass and density.
The melting point of (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is reported to be around 240-242 °C, while its boiling point is approximately 295-300 °C. These values are higher than those of most common food items in terms of melting point and boiling point.
(2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is highly soluble in water and exhibits a low viscosity. This high solubility in water makes it more soluble than many common food items, and its low viscosity indicates a relatively smooth flow compared to some food ingredients.
🏭 Production & Procurement
(2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaramic acid, is typically produced through organic synthesis methods involving the reaction of appropriate precursors. One common method involves the reaction between L-glutamic acid and an appropriate reagent, such as acetyl chloride, to yield the desired compound.
(2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid can be procured from chemical suppliers specializing in amino acids and biochemical compounds. The compound is typically available in a purified form suitable for research and industrial applications. It can be transported in solid or solution form, depending on the specific requirements of the end user.
Transportation of (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is typically carried out following the guidelines for safe handling of chemical compounds. The compound may be shipped in appropriate containers and stored under controlled conditions to ensure its stability and integrity during transit. End users should adhere to relevant regulations and safety precautions when handling and transporting the compound.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutamic acid, include potential skin and eye irritation upon contact. This compound should be handled with care to avoid inhalation or ingestion, as it may cause respiratory irritation or gastrointestinal discomfort. Individuals working with (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, and work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure risks.
Hazard statements for (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid include “causes skin irritation” and “causes serious eye irritation.” These statements convey the potential risks associated with direct contact of the compound with skin or eyes. It is important to handle (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid with caution and take necessary precautions to prevent any adverse effects on skin or eyes.
Precautionary statements for (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid recommend wearing protective gloves, eye protection, and face protection to avoid skin and eye irritation upon contact. Additionally, precautionary measures include working in a well-ventilated area and avoiding ingestion or inhalation of the compound. In case of skin or eye contact, immediate rinsing with water is advised, and medical attention should be sought if any adverse effects persist.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is its role in neurotransmission within the central nervous system. By investigating its interactions with various neurotransmitter receptors, researchers may gain insights into its potential therapeutic applications for neurological disorders.
Another avenue of research for (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is its involvement in metabolic processes within the body. Studying its role in amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis could lead to advancements in understanding metabolic disorders and developing targeted therapies.
Furthermore, exploring the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid could provide valuable information for drug development. Investigating its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body may inform dosing regimens and optimize its efficacy as a potential pharmaceutical agent.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid is (2R)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid. This compound differs in stereochemistry at the second chiral center, resulting in a mirror-image relationship. Despite this difference, both compounds possess the same molecular formula and functional groups.
Another related compound is (2S)-2-amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid, which shares a similar backbone structure with (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid. The substitution of an oxo group with a hydroxy group at the fourth carbon atom introduces a hydroxyl group to the molecule. This modification alters the compound’s chemical properties and potential biological activities.
Additionally, (2S)-2-aminobutanoic acid is a simpler structural analog of (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid, lacking the ketone group at the fourth carbon atom. This compound serves as a basic building block in peptides and proteins, functioning as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. While similar in terms of amino acid classification, it lacks the keto functionality found in (2S)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid.
