(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal, also known as erythrulose, is a chemical compound commonly used in the cosmetics industry for its self-tanning properties. When applied to the skin, erythrulose reacts with amino acids in the outermost layer of the epidermis to produce a brown coloration, mimicking the appearance of a natural tan. This ingredient is a key component in many self-tanning lotions and sprays, offering consumers a safer alternative to prolonged sun exposure, which can lead to skin damage and increased risk of skin cancer. As the demand for sunless tanning products continues to rise, erythrulose remains a popular ingredient in the beauty industry, demonstrating its relevance to everyday life and providing a convenient option for individuals looking to achieve a sun-kissed glow without harmful UV exposure.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
The compound (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal, also known as erythrose, has several commercial and industrial applications. It is commonly used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer and sweetener due to its sweet taste. Additionally, erythrose is utilized in skincare products for its moisturizing properties and in the production of certain types of adhesive materials.
In the field of drug and medication applications, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is sometimes used in pharmaceutical formulations as a stabilizing agent. Its ability to interact with other compounds and maintain their stability makes it valuable in the production of certain medications. Erythrose is also being studied for its potential antioxidant properties, which could have implications for the development of new drugs aimed at combating oxidative stress-related diseases.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is a white, crystalline solid with no distinct odor. Its appearance is similar to sugar and salt crystals commonly found in kitchens.
The molar mass of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is approximately 180.16 g/mol, with a density of about 1.56 g/cm3. Compared to common food items like sugar (molar mass around 342.30 g/mol, density around 1.59 g/cm3) and salt (molar mass around 58.44 g/mol, density around 2.17 g/cm3), it falls within a similar range.
(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal has a melting point of around 96-98°C and a boiling point of around 138-140°C. This is comparable to the melting point of sugar (around 160-186°C) and the boiling point of water (100°C).
In water, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is highly soluble due to its hydrophilic nature. It also exhibits low viscosity, similar to substances like cooking oil.
🏭 Production & Procurement
(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is produced through a series of enzymatic reactions involving the oxidation of sugars. Specifically, the sugar glucose is first converted into glucose-6-phosphate, which is then further transformed into 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate. This compound undergoes a series of reduction and dehydration reactions to finally yield (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal.
To procure (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal, one must typically turn to chemical supply companies that specialize in providing rare or niche compounds. These companies may offer the compound in various forms, such as liquid solutions or powders. Once procured, the compound can be transported using standard shipping methods, following proper regulations for handling and transporting hazardous materials if applicable.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal should be taken into account due to its potential hazards. This compound may cause skin irritation, eye irritation, and respiratory irritation upon exposure. It is important to handle this substance with caution and to use appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, when working with it. Additionally, proper ventilation should be ensured to minimize the risk of inhalation.
Hazard statements for (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal include “Causes skin irritation,” “Causes serious eye irritation,” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” These statements highlight the potential dangers of this compound and emphasize the importance of taking necessary precautions to prevent exposure. It is essential to handle this substance with care and to follow safety guidelines to avoid adverse health effects.
Precautionary statements for (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal include “Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection” and “Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.” These statements emphasize the need for personal protective equipment and proper ventilation when handling this compound. It is crucial to follow these precautionary measures to minimize the risk of exposure and to ensure safe handling of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Further research on (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal could delve into its potential applications in food preservation, particularly as a natural antioxidant or antimicrobial agent. Studies may focus on its efficacy in extending the shelf life of perishable goods or inhibiting the growth of harmful pathogens.
Exploration of the compound’s interactions with biological systems, such as its effect on human health or its potential as a pharmaceutical agent, could be a valuable research direction. Investigations into its bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicity profile may elucidate its therapeutic potential or provide insights into its safety for human consumption.
Analytical research on the synthesis and purification methods of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal could contribute to the development of efficient production processes. Studies may also aim to characterize its chemical structure, physical properties, and stability under various storage conditions to optimize its use in different industries.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is (2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal. This compound has the same molecular formula and structural arrangement of hydroxyl groups as the original compound, but it differs in the stereochemistry of the chiral centers. This mirror image isomer exhibits similar chemical properties and reactivity to the original compound.
Another similar compound is (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal. This compound has the same stereochemistry as the original compound but differs in the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups on the carbon backbone. Despite this structural difference, (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal exhibits similar physical and chemical properties to the original compound due to their shared functional groups.
Additionally, (2S,3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal is a similar compound to (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal. This compound has the same stereochemistry at each chiral center as the original compound, but the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups on the carbon backbone is reversed. Despite this structural difference, (2S,3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal shares similar chemical reactivity and properties with the original compound.
