2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, plays a significant role in everyday life as it is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, a central metabolic pathway involved in the production of energy in living organisms. This compound is essential for the metabolism of amino acids and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other important molecules such as glutamate, an important neurotransmitter in the brain. In addition, 2-Oxoglutaric acid is also involved in regulating cellular respiration and maintaining the balance of various metabolic processes in the body. Its relevance extends beyond biology and biochemistry, as it is also utilized in various industries including food and pharmaceuticals.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle and plays a crucial role in energy metabolism in living organisms. In commercial and industrial applications, 2-oxoglutaric acid is commonly used as a starting material for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and food additives. It is a versatile compound that can undergo various chemical reactions to produce a wide range of products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, 2-oxoglutaric acid is utilized for the production of drugs that target metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. It is also used in the synthesis of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antidepressants. Additionally, 2-oxoglutaric acid is a precursor in the production of vitamin C, which is essential for human health and is widely used as a dietary supplement.
In the field of medicine, 2-oxoglutaric acid is used as a nutritional supplement to support athletic performance and aid in recovery from strenuous exercise. It is also employed in the treatment of kidney disease, as it helps regulate the body’s acid-base balance and supports kidney function. Furthermore, 2-oxoglutaric acid has shown potential in the management of metabolic disorders, such as mitochondrial diseases, where it can help improve energy production and reduce oxidative stress.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as α-Ketoglutaric acid, is a crystalline solid that appears as white to off-white in color. It is odorless, with a slightly sour taste.
The molar mass of 2-Oxoglutaric acid is approximately 144.1 g/mol, and its density is around 1.56 g/cm³. Compared to common household items, such as table salt (molar mass of 58.44 g/mol and density of 2.16 g/cm³), 2-Oxoglutaric acid has a higher molar mass but lower density.
2-Oxoglutaric acid has a melting point of around 131-133°C and a boiling point of approximately 131-133°C. In contrast, common household items like sugar have a lower melting point (186°C) and a higher boiling point (1,850°C) than 2-Oxoglutaric acid.
2-Oxoglutaric acid is soluble in water, with a moderate viscosity. When compared to common household items like vinegar (soluble in water, low viscosity), 2-Oxoglutaric acid has similar solubility but slightly higher viscosity.
🏭 Production & Procurement
2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, is primarily produced in the mitochondria of cells through the citric acid cycle. This multi-step process involves the oxidation of isocitrate to form 2-Oxoglutaric acid, which is an important intermediate in energy metabolism.
2-Oxoglutaric acid can be procured commercially from chemical suppliers for use in various industries. The acid is typically transported in liquid form in sealed containers to ensure stability during transit. Due to its biochemical significance, 2-Oxoglutaric acid is commonly used in research laboratories and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
In addition to commercial procurement, 2-Oxoglutaric acid can also be synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions involving appropriate starting materials. Various synthetic routes exist for the production of 2-Oxoglutaric acid, allowing researchers to obtain the compound for specific experimental purposes. The availability of 2-Oxoglutaric acid continues to play a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge and medical research.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 2-Oxoglutaric acid include proper handling and storage to prevent potential hazards. It is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment when working with this compound, such as gloves and eye protection, to avoid skin and eye irritation. Additionally, 2-Oxoglutaric acid should be stored in a cool, dry place away from incompatible substances to prevent accidental chemical reactions or spills.
The pharmacology of 2-Oxoglutaric acid involves its role as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a key metabolic pathway in cells. As a precursor to glutamate, 2-Oxoglutaric acid plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism and energy production. It is also involved in the regulation of cellular processes such as protein synthesis and gene expression. Furthermore, 2-Oxoglutaric acid has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in various medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders.
Hazard statements for 2-Oxoglutaric acid include the potential for skin and eye irritation upon contact. Ingestion or inhalation of this compound may cause irritation to the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal system. Prolonged or repeated exposure to 2-Oxoglutaric acid may lead to adverse health effects, including allergic reactions or sensitization. It is important to follow proper safety precautions when working with this compound to minimize the risk of exposure and subsequent harm.
Precautionary statements for 2-Oxoglutaric acid include the need for proper ventilation in work areas to prevent the buildup of vapors or fumes. In case of accidental exposure, it is recommended to seek medical attention immediately and bring the safety data sheet for 2-Oxoglutaric acid. Spills should be cleaned up promptly using appropriate absorbent materials and disposed of according to local regulations. Additionally, all personnel working with 2-Oxoglutaric acid should be trained on its hazards and safe handling procedures to mitigate risks effectively.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 2-Oxoglutaric acid is its role in regulating cellular metabolism. Studies can investigate how this molecule interacts with key metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolism.
Another potential area of research is the impact of 2-Oxoglutaric acid on human health. Research can explore how alterations in its levels are associated with various diseases, such as cancer and metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms behind these associations can provide insights for potential therapeutic interventions.
Furthermore, there is potential for research on the use of 2-Oxoglutaric acid as a biomarker for certain health conditions. By studying its levels in different biological samples, researchers can establish correlations between its concentration and disease progression. This could lead to the development of diagnostic tools for early detection and monitoring of certain diseases.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 2-Oxoglutaric acid based upon molecular structure is Succinic acid. Also known as Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that shares some structural similarities with 2-Oxoglutaric acid. Both compounds contain carboxylic acid groups and are involved in the citric acid cycle.
Another compound similar to 2-Oxoglutaric acid is Malic acid. Malic acid, also known as Hydroxybutanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a structure similar to 2-Oxoglutaric acid. Both compounds contain carboxylic acid groups and are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
A third compound with a molecular structure similar to 2-Oxoglutaric acid is Fumaric acid. Fumaric acid, also known as Trans-butenedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid that shares some structural similarities with 2-Oxoglutaric acid. Both compounds contain carboxylic acid groups and play a role in various metabolic pathways within the body.
