2-Oxoadipic acid is a key compound in the biochemical pathway responsible for the breakdown of lysine, an essential amino acid found in proteins. This process is crucial for the production of energy in the body and the maintenance of overall health. Additionally, 2-Oxoadipic acid can also serve as a building block for the synthesis of other important molecules, such as various neurotransmitters. Its role in these fundamental biological processes highlights its relevance to everyday life and underscores the importance of understanding its functions in maintaining optimal health and well-being.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
2-Oxoadipic acid, also known as α-ketoadipic acid, is a key intermediate in the biochemical pathways of several organisms. In the industrial sector, 2-Oxoadipic acid is used in the production of nylon-5,6 fiber, which is a thermoplastic polymer with applications in textiles, automotive components, and industrial materials.
Furthermore, 2-Oxoadipic acid is employed as a precursor in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and drugs. It has been investigated for its potential use in the treatment of disorders related to lysine metabolism. Additionally, 2-Oxoadipic acid is a precursor in the synthesis of certain antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, demonstrating its versatility in the realm of medicine and healthcare.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
2-Oxoadipic acid, also known as α-ketoadipic acid, is a white crystalline solid with a faint odor. It is commonly used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and as a biological marker for lysosomal storage diseases.
With a molar mass of 146.11 g/mol and a density of 1.40 g/cm³, 2-Oxoadipic acid is heavier and denser than common household items such as water and sugar. Its relatively high molar mass contributes to its stable, solid form at room temperature.
2-Oxoadipic acid has a melting point of 222-224°C and a boiling point of 293°C. Compared to common household items like ice and water, it has a significantly higher melting and boiling point, indicating its stability under high temperatures.
This compound is sparingly soluble in water and exhibits low viscosity due to its small molecular size. In comparison to common household items like table salt and sugar, 2-Oxoadipic acid has lower solubility and viscosity in water, making it useful for various chemical applicationsrequiring controlled dispersibility.
🏭 Production & Procurement
2-Oxoadipic acid, also known as α-ketoadipic acid, is a key intermediate in the catabolic pathways of lysine and hydroxylysine in organisms. In nature, it is typically produced through the degradation of lysine or hydroxylysine by the enzyme saccharopine dehydrogenase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of saccharopine to 2-oxoadipic acid, which can then be further metabolized.
The procurement of 2-Oxoadipic acid can be achieved through several methods. One common approach involves the chemical synthesis of the compound from readily available precursors such as succinic anhydride and acetic anhydride. Another method involves the microbial fermentation of specific strains of bacteria or fungi capable of producing 2-oxoadipic acid. Once produced, the compound can be isolated and purified using various techniques such as crystallization or chromatography.
Transporting 2-Oxoadipic acid typically involves packaging the compound in appropriate containers to ensure its stability and prevent contamination. Depending on the quantity and destination, the compound may be shipped via ground transportation, air freight, or maritime transport. Proper labeling and documentation are essential to comply with regulations governing the transportation of hazardous or controlled substances.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 2-Oxoadipic acid include proper storage, handling, and disposal procedures to prevent any potential harm. It is important to store the compound in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and sources of heat. When handling 2-Oxoadipic acid, it is recommended to wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and a lab coat to minimize exposure. In case of accidental ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, seek medical attention immediately and provide the healthcare professional with the Safety Data Sheet for proper treatment.
The pharmacology of 2-Oxoadipic acid involves its role as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and as a metabolite in lysine degradation. It is involved in various biochemical pathways within the body, playing a crucial role in energy production and amino acid metabolism. 2-Oxoadipic acid is also known to exhibit antioxidant properties and may have potential therapeutic implications in certain disease conditions. Further research is needed to fully understand the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of 2-Oxoadipic acid in different biological systems.
Hazard statements for 2-Oxoadipic acid include the potential risks associated with its handling and exposure. It is classified as a hazardous chemical and may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. Inhalation of vapors or dust of 2-Oxoadipic acid may also lead to respiratory irritation and discomfort. Ingestion of the compound can result in gastrointestinal distress and other adverse health effects. It is important to follow proper safety precautions and guidelines when working with 2-Oxoadipic acid to minimize the risk of harm.
Precautionary statements for 2-Oxoadipic acid emphasize the importance of practicing safe handling procedures and proper personal protective equipment. Avoid direct contact with the compound and use appropriate containment measures to prevent spills and leaks. In case of accidental exposure, rinse affected skin or eyes with plenty of water and seek medical attention if necessary. Store 2-Oxoadipic acid in a tightly sealed container and dispose of any unused or expired product following local regulations and guidelines for hazardous waste management.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 2-Oxoadipic acid is its role as an intermediate in the catabolic pathway of lysine degradation. Investigating the enzymes involved in its conversion to succinyl-CoA could shed light on metabolic disorders related to this pathway.
Another research avenue could be the exploration of 2-Oxoadipic acid as a potential biomarker for oxidative stress or metabolic dysregulation. Studying its levels in different biological samples could provide insights into its potential diagnostic or prognostic utility in various pathological conditions.
Furthermore, investigating the chemical reactivity and biological effects of 2-Oxoadipic acid derivatives could lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. By modifying its structure to enhance its pharmacological properties, researchers may discover new drug candidates with improved efficacy and reduced side effects.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 2-oxoadipic acid based on molecular structure is 2-oxoglutaric acid. This compound is also a keto acid, containing a five-carbon chain with a ketone functional group and a carboxylic acid group. 2-oxoglutaric acid is involved in the citric acid cycle as an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids, making it a key molecule in cellular energy production.
Another compound with a molecular structure similar to 2-oxoadipic acid is 2-oxopentanedioic acid, also known as 2-oxoglutaric acid. Like 2-oxoadipic acid, 2-oxopentanedioic acid contains a five-carbon chain with two carboxylic acid groups at either end. This compound plays a role in nitrogen metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis, serving as a precursor for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
A third compound similar to 2-oxoadipic acid based on molecular structure is 2-oxosuberic acid. This compound is a dicarboxylic acid with a six-carbon chain and two carboxylic acid groups at either end. Like 2-oxoadipic acid, 2-oxosuberic acid can be used in the production of polymers and as a building block for various chemical reactions due to its functional groups.