2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism as an intermediate in the Krebs cycle. This cycle is essential for the generation of energy in the form of ATP in cells. It is also involved in the synthesis of amino acids, particularly glutamate and glutamine, which are important for protein synthesis and neurotransmission.
In everyday life, alpha-ketoglutaric acid is found in various dietary supplements and is often taken by athletes and bodybuilders to enhance exercise performance, reduce muscle fatigue, and improve recovery. Additionally, it is used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer and acidity regulator. Its role in cellular metabolism makes it a key compound for understanding human physiology and biochemistry.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutaric acid, has several commercial and industrial applications. It is commonly used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer and acidity regulator. Additionally, alpha-ketoglutaric acid is utilized in the production of cosmetics and personal care products for its ability to improve skin texture and appearance.
In the realm of drug and medication applications, alpha-ketoglutaric acid plays a crucial role in the body’s energy production process. It is often used in dietary supplements and sports nutrition products to support athletic performance and muscle recovery. Moreover, alpha-ketoglutaric acid is being studied for its potential therapeutic effects in treating various medical conditions, including kidney disease and metabolic disorders.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, also known as citric acid, is a white crystalline powder with no distinct odor.
With a molar mass of 192.13 g/mol and a density of 1.66 g/cm3, 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid is significantly heavier and denser than common household items such as water and sugar.
2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid has a melting point of 153 °C and a boiling point of 310 °C, making it similar to common household items like salt and baking soda in terms of melting and boiling points.
This compound is highly soluble in water and has a low viscosity, similar to common household items like vinegar and lemon juice in terms of solubility and viscosity levels.
🏭 Production & Procurement
Producing 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid involves a complex series of chemical reactions. The most common method of synthesis involves the reaction of a suitable precursor compound with specific reagents under controlled conditions. This process typically requires the use of specialized equipment and expertise in organic chemistry.
Procuring 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid usually involves purchasing it from chemical suppliers or manufacturers. The compound may be available in solid form, such as a powder or crystalline substance, or as a solution in a suitable solvent. Proper handling and storage of the compound is essential to maintain its stability and purity during transport.
Transporting 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid requires adherence to strict safety guidelines due to its potential hazardous properties. The compound may be shipped in sealed containers that are labeled according to regulatory requirements. Care must be taken to prevent exposure to moisture, extreme temperatures, or incompatible substances during transit to ensure the integrity of the product.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety Considerations for 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid:
When handling 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, it is crucial to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and a lab coat, to prevent skin and eye contact with the chemical. Additionally, the substance should only be used in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of potentially harmful fumes. Care should be taken to avoid ingestion of the compound, as it may cause adverse health effects.
It is important to store 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid in a tightly sealed container, away from incompatible materials and sources of heat or ignition. Proper labeling of the container with the substance name, hazard pictogram, and appropriate warnings is essential to prevent accidental exposure. In the event of a spill, it is recommended to clean up the area immediately using suitable absorbent materials and to dispose of the waste according to local regulations.
Pharmacology of 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid:
2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid is a compound commonly used in biochemical research as a chelating agent for metal ions. It has the ability to bind to metal ions and form stable complexes, which is useful in various applications such as metal ion quantification and purification processes. In biological systems, this compound may also impact metal ion homeostasis and enzyme activity, making it a valuable tool for studying metal-protein interactions.
Hazard Statements for 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid:
Hazard statements related to 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid include “Causes skin irritation” and “Causes serious eye irritation.” These statements indicate the potential for skin and eye contact with the compound to result in irritation or damage. It is important to follow proper safety protocols and procedures when working with this chemical to minimize the risk of exposure and harm.
Precautionary Statements for 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid:
Precautionary statements for 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid include “Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray” and “Wash hands thoroughly after handling.” These statements emphasize the importance of minimizing inhalation exposure and practicing good personal hygiene to prevent unintended contact with the chemical. It is recommended to follow all safety guidelines and instructions provided by the manufacturer when working with this compound.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Potential research directions for 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid include investigating its potential pharmaceutical applications due to its structural similarity to other compounds with known biological activity.
Studies may explore the synthesis of analogs of 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid to determine their potential efficacy and toxicity profiles for possible drug development.
Research efforts may also focus on elucidating the biochemical pathways involved in the metabolism of 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid in order to better understand its physiological effects and potential therapeutic targets.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid based upon molecular structure is Citric acid. Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid with the molecular formula C6H8O7. It contains three carboxylic acid groups and an additional hydroxyl group, similar to 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid.
Another compound with a similar structure to 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid is Alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is a five-carbon compound with a ketone group and two carboxylic acid groups. It also contains a hydroxyl group, making it structurally similar to 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid.
One more compound with a comparable structure to 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid is Isocitric acid. Isocitric acid is a tricarboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group on one of the carbon atoms. It also contains two carboxylic acid groups, similar to the molecular structure of 2-Hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid.