2-Acetylaminofluorene is a potent carcinogen found in tobacco smoke, charbroiled foods, and urban air pollution. Its relevance to everyday life lies in its association with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, particularly lung and bladder cancer. Understanding the presence and impact of 2-Acetylaminofluorene in our environment can inform public health efforts to reduce exposure and mitigate associated health risks.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
2-Acetylaminofluorene, also known as 2-AAF, is a potent carcinogen commonly used in research to induce cancer in laboratory animals. Despite its toxic and carcinogenic properties, it has commercial and industrial applications in the synthesis of various organic compounds and dyes.
In the pharmaceutical industry, 2-Acetylaminofluorene has been investigated for its potential use in the development of chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. Its ability to induce tumors in experimental animals has prompted researchers to study its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications.
Studies have shown that 2-Acetylaminofluorene can be metabolized in the body to form reactive intermediates that bind to DNA, leading to genetic mutations and cancer development. This has implications for drug development, as researchers explore ways to target these metabolic pathways for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
2-Acetylaminofluorene is a white to slightly yellow crystalline solid with a faint, characteristic odor. It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone.
The molar mass of 2-Acetylaminofluorene is approximately 223.26 g/mol, and its density is about 1.26 g/cm³. Compared to common household items, it has a higher molar mass and density than water but lower than most metals and plastics.
The melting point of 2-Acetylaminofluorene is around 85-87°C, and its boiling point is approximately 420-425°C. In comparison to common household items, it has a higher melting point than ice but lower than most cooking oils and plastics. Its boiling point is much higher than water but lower than many organic solvents.
2-Acetylaminofluorene is only slightly soluble in water but highly soluble in organic solvents. It is a low-viscosity compound, meaning it flows easily. Compared to common household items, it has a lower solubility in water than salt or sugar but higher than oils. Its viscosity is similar to that of ethanol or acetone.
🏭 Production & Procurement
2-Acetylaminofluorene, a potent carcinogen used in laboratory research, is typically produced through the acetylation of 2-aminofluorene. This chemical reaction involves the addition of an acetyl group to the amine functional group present in 2-aminofluorene, resulting in the formation of 2-Acetylaminofluorene.
The procurement of 2-Acetylaminofluorene involves ordering the chemical compound from specialized chemical suppliers or manufacturers. Due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties, 2-Acetylaminofluorene is classified as a hazardous material and must be handled with extreme caution. Upon procurement, the compound is typically transported in sealed containers with appropriate labels indicating its hazardous nature.
In laboratories and research facilities where 2-Acetylaminofluorene is used, strict safety protocols must be followed to minimize exposure and potential health risks associated with the compound. Proper storage, handling, and disposal procedures are essential to ensure the safety of personnel and the surrounding environment. Additionally, the transportation of 2-Acetylaminofluorene outside of controlled laboratory settings must adhere to regulations governing the transport of hazardous materials.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 2-Acetylaminofluorene include its potential as a carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. Exposure to this compound should be minimized through the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat. It is important to handle 2-Acetylaminofluorene in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors and to prevent skin contact.
The pharmacology of 2-Acetylaminofluorene involves its metabolism in the liver, where it is activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form reactive intermediates that can bind to DNA and cause mutations. These mutations can lead to the formation of tumors in various organs, including the liver and bladder. 2-Acetylaminofluorene is also known to have immunotoxic effects, as it can suppress the immune system and increase susceptibility to infections.
Hazard statements for 2-Acetylaminofluorene include “may cause cancer,” “causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure,” and “may cause genetic defects.” It is important to handle this compound with caution and to follow all safety guidelines and procedures when working with it. Avoiding exposure through inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion is crucial to minimizing the risks associated with 2-Acetylaminofluorene.
Precautionary statements for 2-Acetylaminofluorene include “do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray,” “wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection,” and “dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.” These statements emphasize the importance of using appropriate protective measures and following proper protocols for handling and disposing of 2-Acetylaminofluorene to prevent harm to oneself and others.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Research on 2-Acetylaminofluorene is currently focused on its potential carcinogenic effects and its role in studying chemical carcinogenesis.
Future studies may explore the molecular mechanisms of 2-Acetylaminofluorene-induced DNA damage and mutagenesis, particularly in understanding its genotoxicity and potential impact on human health.
Furthermore, research may delve into the development of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of 2-Acetylaminofluorene exposure, with a focus on prevention and treatment options for related diseases.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 2-Acetylaminofluorene based upon molecular structure is N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. This compound is structurally related to 2-Acetylaminofluorene, but with an additional hydroxy group attached to the nitrogen atom. This modification can affect the compound’s reactivity and biological activity.
Another similar compound is N-Acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. This compound is a derivative of 2-Acetylaminofluorene with an acetoxy group attached to the nitrogen atom. The presence of this group can alter the compound’s chemical properties and potentially its toxicity profile.
A third similar compound is 2,2′-Diacetylaminofluorene. This compound is structurally related to 2-Acetylaminofluorene, but with an additional acetyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. This modification may impact the compound’s interactions with other molecules and its biological effects.
