1,3-Dinitrobenzene is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Despite its toxicity and potential health risks, it plays a significant role in various industries and products that are part of our everyday lives. For example, it is used in the production of hair dyes, in the synthesis of certain medications, and as an ingredient in insecticides and herbicides. While its applications are numerous and varied, it is important to handle and dispose of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene safely and responsibly to minimize its adverse effects on human health and the environment.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
1,3-Dinitrobenzene, also known as m-Dinitrobenzene, is primarily used in the commercial and industrial sectors. It is commonly utilized as an intermediate in the production of dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. Its ability to undergo nitration reactions makes it valuable in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
In addition to its industrial applications, 1,3-Dinitrobenzene also finds use in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been investigated for its potential as an antifungal and antibacterial agent. However, due to its toxic nature, caution must be exercised when handling this compound in medicinal applications. Further research is needed to explore its full potential in drug development.
Overall, 1,3-Dinitrobenzene plays a crucial role in various commercial and industrial processes, offering versatility in its applications. Its chemical properties make it a valuable resource for synthesizing multiple compounds used in different sectors. Despite its potential in pharmaceutical research, its toxic nature necessitates careful handling and thorough evaluation before implementation in drug development.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
1,3-Dinitrobenzene is a solid compound that appears as yellow crystals with a strong, sweet odor. The distinctive odor of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is commonly described as reminiscent of almonds or bitter almonds.
With a molar mass of 168.11 g/mol and a density of 1.59 g/cm³, 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is relatively heavier compared to common food items like sugar and salt. For example, sugar has a molar mass of 342.3 g/mol and a density of 1.59 g/cm³, while salt has a molar mass of 58.44 g/mol and a density of 2.16 g/cm³.
1,3-Dinitrobenzene has a melting point of 90°C and a boiling point of 297°C. In comparison, common food items like butter and chocolate have lower melting points, with butter melting at around 32°C and chocolate melting at around 34°C. Boiling points of common food items vary, with water boiling at 100°C and sugar caramelizing at around 160-170°C.
1,3-Dinitrobenzene is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ethanol. It has a low viscosity, making it flow easily. In contrast, common food items like sugar are highly soluble in water, while oils like olive oil have higher viscosities compared to 1,3-Dinitrobenzene.
🏭 Production & Procurement
1,3-Dinitrobenzene is typically produced through the nitration of benzene using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. This process involves the addition of nitric acid to sulfuric acid to form a nitrating agent, which then reacts with benzene under controlled conditions to yield 1,3-Dinitrobenzene as the final product.
1,3-Dinitrobenzene can be procured from chemical suppliers who provide the compound in various purities and quantities. The compound is typically transported in sealed containers to prevent contamination or leakage during transit. It is important to handle and store 1,3-Dinitrobenzene according to safety guidelines due to its potential hazards.
When procuring 1,3-Dinitrobenzene, it is crucial to ensure compliance with local regulations and standards for handling and storage of hazardous chemicals. Proper labeling and documentation are required for transportation and storage to prevent accidents or environmental contamination. It is advisable to work with reputable suppliers who adhere to safety protocols and provide quality assurance for their products.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 1,3-Dinitrobenzene involve its potential hazards to human health and the environment. This compound is flammable and may release toxic fumes when burned. It can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system upon contact or inhalation. Additionally, 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is harmful if swallowed and may cause serious long-term effects if not handled properly. Thus, appropriate safety measures should be taken when dealing with this chemical, such as wearing protective clothing, gloves, and eyewear, as well as working in a well-ventilated area.
The hazard statements for 1,3-Dinitrobenzene include “Causes skin irritation,” “Causes serious eye irritation,” and “May cause respiratory irritation.” These statements reflect the potential risks associated with exposure to this chemical, emphasizing the importance of taking precautionary measures to prevent adverse effects on human health.
Precautionary statements for 1,3-Dinitrobenzene include “Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray,” “Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection,” and “IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.” These statements highlight the necessary precautions that should be implemented when working with 1,3-Dinitrobenzene to minimize the risks of exposure and potential harm to individuals. It is crucial to follow these guidelines to ensure safe handling and use of this chemical.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
One potential research direction for 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is its synthesis methods and optimization. Researchers may explore new techniques to produce this compound more efficiently and cost-effectively.
Another avenue of research could be the investigation of the properties and behavior of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene under different environmental conditions. This could include studies on its reactivity, stability, and potential applications in various industries.
Furthermore, researchers may also focus on the toxicological effects of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene on living organisms and the environment. Studies could include assessing its impact on human health, wildlife, and ecosystems, as well as developing strategies for mitigation and remediation.
🧪 Related Compounds
One similar compound to 1,3-Dinitrobenzene is 1,2-Dinitrobenzene. This compound has a molecular structure where the two nitro groups are attached at the 1 and 2 positions on the benzene ring. This results in similar chemical properties to 1,3-Dinitrobenzene, such as being used in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.
Another similar compound is 1,4-Dinitrobenzene. In this compound, the two nitro groups are attached at the 1 and 4 positions on the benzene ring. Like 1,3-Dinitrobenzene, 1,4-Dinitrobenzene is used in the production of explosives, dyes, and agricultural chemicals. It shares similar physical and chemical properties due to its molecular structure.
Additionally, 1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene is another similar compound to 1,3-Dinitrobenzene. In this compound, three nitro groups are attached at the 1, 2, and 3 positions on the benzene ring. 1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene is highly explosive and is used in the production of explosives and propellants. Its molecular structure results in reactive properties similar to 1,3-Dinitrobenzene.