1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a chemical compound that has garnered attention due to its ability to induce Parkinson’s-like symptoms in humans. While MPTP itself is not commonly encountered in everyday life, its relevance lies in its use as a tool in research on Parkinson’s disease. By mimicking the symptoms of Parkinson’s, MPTP has allowed scientists to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying the disease and develop potential treatments. Its study may lead to advancements in the field of neurology and ultimately benefit those affected by Parkinson’s disease.
Table of Contents:
- 💡 Commercial Applications
- ⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
- 🏭 Production & Procurement
- ⚠️ Safety Considerations
- 🔬 Potential Research Directions
- 🧪 Related Compounds
💡 Commercial Applications
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has limited commercial and industrial applications due to its toxic effects on the central nervous system. However, it is used in research as a neurotoxin to induce Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms in animal models for the study of the pathophysiology of the disorder.
In drug and medication applications, MPTP is not used therapeutically due to its neurotoxicity. Instead, it is of interest in the study of Parkinson’s disease as it selectively damages dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor deficits similar to those seen in patients with the disease. This allows researchers to investigate potential treatments and therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
The discovery of MPTP’s neurotoxic effects in the 1980s led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying Parkinson’s disease and sparked research into the development of new therapeutic approaches. While not directly used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, MPTP continues to be a valuable tool in preclinical research for the study of neurodegenerative disorders.
⚗️ Chemical & Physical Properties
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, often referred to as MPTP, appears as a white crystalline solid with no distinct odor.
With a molar mass of 173.24 g/mol and a density of 1.037 g/cm3, MPTP is relatively lightweight compared to common household items like water (molar mass 18.015 g/mol, density 1 g/cm3) and iron (molar mass 55.85 g/mol, density 7.87 g/cm3).
The melting point of MPTP is around 45-46°C, while the boiling point is approximately 200-210°C. These values are significantly lower than substances like table salt (melting point 801°C, boiling point 1465°C) and aluminum (melting point 660.3°C, boiling point 2467°C).
MPTP is sparingly soluble in water and has low viscosity. In comparison, common household items like sugar (soluble in water, high viscosity) and vegetable oil (insoluble in water, low viscosity) exhibit different solubility and viscosity properties.
🏭 Production & Procurement
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, commonly known as MPTP, is synthesized through a multi-step chemical process starting from readily available starting materials. The synthesis typically involves the reaction of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2-butanone with ammonia and formaldehyde under specific conditions to yield MPTP.
MPTP can be procured from chemical suppliers that specialize in the production and distribution of research chemicals. Due to its potential use in scientific research, MPTP is typically sold in pure form and may be available in various quantities depending on the needs of the customer. The compound is usually packaged in sealed containers to prevent contamination during transportation.
When transporting MPTP, proper precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of those handling the compound. This includes following regulations regarding the shipping of hazardous materials and using appropriate protective equipment to prevent exposure. Additionally, the stability of MPTP should be considered during transport to maintain its integrity and prevent any degradation that could affect its usefulness in further research.
⚠️ Safety Considerations
Safety considerations for 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) should prioritize the prevention of skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion. MPTP is known to be a neurotoxin that can cause Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms in humans. Therefore, proper personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats, should be worn when handling MPTP to minimize the risk of exposure.
It is essential to work with MPTP in a well-ventilated area to prevent inhalation of its vapors. In case of accidental exposure, immediate medical attention should be sought, and the affected area should be thoroughly washed with soap and water. Proper storage of MPTP is crucial, as it is highly flammable and should be kept away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Additionally, MPTP should be stored in a tightly sealed container to prevent accidental spills or leaks.
The pharmacology of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine involves its conversion to the toxic metabolite MPP+ within the body. MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and is selectively taken up by dopaminergic neurons. Once inside the neurons, MPTP is converted by the enzyme monoamine oxidase-B to MPP+, which disrupts mitochondrial function and leads to cell death. The neurotoxic effects of MPP+ result in the depletion of dopamine levels in the brain, leading to motor deficits characteristic of Parkinson’s disease.
Hazard statements for 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine include “Causes skin irritation” and “Causes serious eye irritation.” MPTP is also classified as a Category 3 flammable liquid, which means it can ignite under certain conditions and should be handled with caution to prevent fires. Furthermore, MPTP is harmful if swallowed or inhaled, and can cause respiratory irritation and damage to internal organs if not handled properly. It is essential to follow all safety precautions and guidelines when working with MPTP to avoid potential health hazards.
Precautionary statements for 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine include “Avoid breathing vapors, mist, or gas” and “Wash hands thoroughly after handling.” It is recommended to wear protective gloves, clothing, and eye protection when working with MPTP to minimize the risk of exposure. In case of skin contact, the affected area should be rinsed with plenty of water and soap, while in case of eye contact, the eyes should be rinsed with water for several minutes. Proper disposal methods should be followed to prevent environmental contamination, and MPTP should be stored in a well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials.
🔬 Potential Research Directions
Research on 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has primarily focused on its neurotoxic effects on the dopaminergic system, leading to its use in Parkinson’s disease research.
Future studies could explore the potential mechanisms of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, particularly in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons.
Additionally, research may investigate the therapeutic potential of MPTP in modeling Parkinson’s disease and testing novel neuroprotective strategies to mitigate its neurotoxic effects.
🧪 Related Compounds
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine is structurally similar to MPTP, a neurotoxin that can cause permanent symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. MPTP is known to selectively damage dopaminergic neurons in the brain, leading to movement disorders.
Another compound with a similar structure to 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine is MPP+, the active metabolite of MPTP. MPP+ is a positively charged molecule that can be taken up by dopaminergic neurons where it interferes with mitochondrial function, ultimately leading to cell death.
Paraquat is a herbicide that shares structural similarities to 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Paraquat is known to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage cells, particularly in the lungs and liver. Chronic exposure to paraquat has been linked to increased risk of Parkinson’s disease.
